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The Rodin Bust "La France' 



The 
Champlain Tercentenary 



Final Report 

of the 

New York Lake Champlain 
Tercentenary Commission 



Prepared by Henry Wayland Hill, LL.D., 
Secretary of the Commiaion 




ALBA^4Y 

J. B. Lyon Company, State Printers 

1913 



\V' 



FtZJ 



■\ nr ft." 

JAN 8 1914 



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3 



Final Report 

of the 

Lake Champlain Tercentenary Commission 
State of New York 



Albany. N. Y.. April 10. 1913. 
To the Honorable the Legislature of the State of Nero York'- 

Pursuant to the statute in such case made and provided, we. the 
undersigned Commissioners, submit herewith the final report of the 
Lake Champlain Tercentenary Commission of the State of 
New York. 

Very respectfully, 

H. Wallace Knapp. Chairman, 

Henry W. Hill. Secretary, 

Walter C. Witherbee. Treasurer, 

John H. Booth, 

Louis C. Lafontaine, 

James J. Frawley. 

James A. Foley, 

James Shea. 

John B. Riley, 

Howland Pell, 

William R. Weaver, 

Commissioners. 



CONTENTS 



Part One: MEMORIALS TO SAMUEL CHAMPLAIN 

Page 

I. Construction of Memorials 1 

II. The Allegorical Bust " La France " and the personnel and 

mission of the French delegation 11 

III. Social functions and hospitalities extended to the French 

Visitors in New York, Washington, Philadelphia, Bos- 
ton and elsewhere 23 

IV. Banquet at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel, New York City, 

May 1, 1912, and the presentation of Rodin bust, 

" La France " 29 

V. French Delegation entertained by the Chamber of Com- 
merce of the State of New York 57 

VI. French Visitors and Commissioners entertained at Ticon- 
deroga, later Inspect the Champlain Memorial Light- 
house at Crown Point Forts where they formally place 
the Bust, La France, and then journey to Plattsburgh. 

Report to Paris 69 

VII. They visit Canada, Niagara Falls and sail for France. 
Impressions and comments by French visitors on ex- 
periences in America 87 

VIII. Impressions of M. Rene Bazin 99 

IX. Comment in appreciation of the visit of the French dele- 
gation and Honors conferred 107 

V 



vi Contents 



Part Two: DEDICATORY CEREMONIES 

Page 

I. Preparation for Dedicatory Ceremonies, including Mili- 
tary Functions 115 

II. Unveiling Tablet at the English Fort 1 23 

III. Dedicatory Ceremonies of the Champlain Memorial Light- 

house at Crown Point Forts, July 5, 1912 131 

IV. Sail down the Lake to Bluff Point 149 

V. Call at the Summer School, Review of the Fifth Infantry 

regiment, U. S. A., at Plattsburgh Barracks. Tour of 
the city. Reception given by the Hon. Smith M. Weed 

and luncheon at the Fouquet House 155 

VI. Dedicatory Ceremonies of the Champlain Memorial Statue 

at Plattsburgh. N. Y.. July 6. 1912 16! 

Part Three: CONCLUSION 

I. Federal Co-operation and assistance rendered by Senators 
of the United States, Representatives in Congress and 
others 1 77 

II. Brief review of the work of the Commission and acknowledg- 

ments in appreciation of assistance rendered by the rep- 
resentatives of Foreign nations, military organizations and 
others 1 83 

III. Historical significance of the Tercentenary Celebration .... 1 93 

IV. Representative Men of the Champlain Region 201 

V. Conclusion of the work of the New York Lake Champlain 

Tercentenary Commission 215 



Contents vii 



APPENDIX 

P«se 

I. Report of House Committee on Foreign Affairs 221 

II. English forts 237 

III. Report of Captain Edward Mott 241 

IV. Notes on the archaeology of the Champlain valley by Prof. 

George H. Perkins, Ph.D., state geologist of Vermont. . 245 

V. Financial Statement 261 



INDEX 



ILLUSTRATIONS 



The Rodin Bust " La France " Frontispiece 

Fadas P*8e 

Champlain Memorial Lighthouse at Crown Point Forts 4 

Champladn Group at Crown Point Memorial 4 

Memorial to Samuel Champlain at Plattsburgh 6 

Side View of the Champlain Memorial at Plattsburgh 6 

Champlain Statue at Plattsburgh 8 

Crouching Indian at base of Champlain Statue 8 

Champlain Memorial at Crown Point Forts nearing Completion 12 

Front View of Robin Bust " La France " 18 

Steamship " France " that transported French Delegation 26 

Banquet to French Delegation, Waldorf-Astoria, May 1,1912 30 

Governor John A. Mead of Vermont 42 

Ferry Transporting Commissioners and French Delegation 70 

Ambassador Jusserand and French Delegation at Crown Point 72 

Commissioners and French Delegation at Crown Point Forts 72 

French Delegation at Crown Point Memorial. May 3,1912 74 

M. Hanotaux speaking at Crown Point Forts, May 3, 1912 76 

M. Hanotaux speaking at Crown Point Memorial, May 3, 1 9 1 2 76 

Landing Troops and Guests at Crown Point Forts, July 5, 1912 120 

Colonel Sanger, Governor Dix and others landing at Crown Point 120 

Unveiling Tablet at Fort Amherst. July 5. 1912 126 

Tablet unveiled at Fort Amherst, July 5, 1912 128 

Colonel Sanger, Governor Dix and Staff approaching Memorial, July 5, 1 91 2. 1 32 

Champlain Memorial Lighthouse, July 5, 1912 1 34 

Governor John A. Dix speaking at Crown Point Memorial, July 5, 191 2 . . . 1 36 

Colonel William C. Sanger speaking at Crown Point Memorial 140 

Adjutant-General Verbeck, Count and Countess de Peretti de la Rocca. . . 142 

Parade in Plattsburgh. July 6. 1912. escorted by 5th U S. Infantry 158 

iz 



Illustrations 



Facins Page 

Governor Dix, Lieutenant-Governor Conway, Colonel Cowles, Commissioners 

Knapp and Riley 158 

Governor John A. Dix 1 62 

Miss Katharine M. Booth, unveiling the Memorial at Plattsburgh 1 64 

Front Viewr and Granite Approach of Memorial at Plattsburgh 1 64 

Governor John A. Dix speaking at Plattsburgh, July 6, 1912 166 

Group Picture of Commissioners Knapp, Hill, Witherbee, Frawley and Foley. 2 1 6 
Group Picture of Commissioners Pell, Riley, Lafontaine, Booth, Shea and 

Weaver 216 

Charles Alexemder Nelson, Indexer 262 



The 

Tercentenary Celebration 



of the 



Discovery of Lake Champlain 



I 



Part One 

MEMORIALS TO SAMUEL CHAMPLAIN 
xiil 



I. CONSTRUCTION OF MEMORIALS TO SAMUEL 

CHAMPLAIN 



I. CONSTRUCTION OF MEMORIALS TO SAMUEL 

CHAMPLAIN 

THE FIRST Report of this Commission was presented to the 
Honorable the Legislature of the State of New York. September 
19, 1 911 . Subsequently thereto Commissioner and Senator James 
A. Foley, while still an Assemblyman, introduced a bill in the Assembly 
designed to empower the Commission to build two suitable permanent 
memorials to Samuel Champlain in that valley, one at Crown Point 
Forts and the other at Plattsburgh. Commissioner and Senator James J. 
Frawley had charge of the bill in the Senate. It was also designed to 
extend the term of the Commission into the year 1913, long enough to 
complete such memorials and to dedicate them with appropriate cere- 
monies. That bill passed the Legislature and upon its approval by 
Governor Dix, it became chapter 273 of the Laws of 1912. By its 
terms, it imposed on the Commission the duty of submitting to the 
Legislature of 1913, a full and complete report of its proceedings and 
transactions. 

On March 27, 1912, the New York Lake Champlain Tercentenary 
Commission submitted its Financial Report to the Legislature, showing 
its receipts and disbursements down to March 26, 1912. These two 
reports of the Commission, already submitted to the Legislature, com- 
prise all the proceedings and transactions of the Commission down to 
their respective dates, so that all that is necessary to do in this Final 
Report is to continue the record of its proceedings and transactions from 
such dates. This will include an account of the visit to this country of 
the distinguished French delegation, headed by His Excellency, Mon- 
sieur Albert Auguste Gabriel Hanotaux in April and May, 1912, — 
an event exponential of the perfect amity existing between the two 
Republics — and also an account of the dedicatory ceremonies of the 
Memorial Lighthouse at Crown Point Forts, New York, on July 5, 
1912, and of the Champlain memorial at Plattsburgh, New York, on 
July 6, 1912. 

2 1 



State of New York 



These did not admit of so extensive an historical treatment of the 
important events occurring in the Champlain valley, nor of so wide a 
range of literary productions, as did the Tercentenary exercises, a 
record of which may be found in the First Report of this Commission. 
Nevertheless, the interchange of felicitations between the representatives 
of France and of this country, the cordial greetings everywhere extended 
to the French visitors and the amicable relations existing between the 
two peoples, prompting the warmest expressions of good will and gen- 
erous impulses in addresses of rare literary quality, together with the 
dedicatory ceremonies themselves, are worthy a permanent record in 
this Final Report, thereby enlarging it into a volume, and are a fitting 
sequel to the historical Tercentenary Celebration. 

The Commissioners fully realized the opportunity at Crown Point 
Forts for the construction and embellishment of a great Memorial Light- 
house to commemorate the advent of Samuel Champlain, the herald 
of civilization, into that valley, and they spared no pains to accomplish 
that result. 

After examining some American memorials to Samuel Champlain and 
looking over the photographs of others and especially in view of the 
utilitarian character of the Crown Point memorial in the form of a 
Lighthouse and of its adaptability to sculptural embellishment, the 
Commissioners decided to undertake the production of such a Memo- 
rial after a design submitted by the architects, Messrs. Dillon, McLellan 
& Beadel of New York City, including a bronze statue group, the work 
of the sculptor, Carl Augustus Heber, of New York City. For three 
years, Mr. Heber was in the studios of Augustus St. Gaudens and Paul 
Bartlett in Paris and afterward worked on the embellishments of the 
Pan-American Exposition at Buffalo under Karl Theodore Francis 
Bitter. 

Among Heber's more important works are the equestrian statue of 
General Sheridan at Somerset, Ohio; the statue of Franklin at Princeton 
University; the Schiller at Rochester, N. Y., the heroic statue " Roman 
Poet " in the Brooklyn Institute, and the bronze statue in St. Andrew's 



The Champlain Tercentenary 



Church at Stamford, Connecticut. He received a medal at the St. Louis 
Exposition for his " Pastoral " which is now in the museum of the 
Chicago Art Institute, and he won the Avery prize at the Architectural 
League in 1910. 

Contracts were let to Booth Brothers and Hurricane Isle Granite 
Company for the construction of the Memorial Lighthouse on the 
property of the United States at Crown Point Forts of Fox Island 
granite according to the design found at pages 346-347 of the original 
Report of the Commission and for the bronze statue group after the 
Heber model, consisting of a bronze statue of Champlain with one of 
his soldiers crouching at his feet at one side and an Indian at the other. 
Just below the group is a conventionalized stone canoe prow laden with 
the products of the country. The work progressed as rapidly as was 
planned. The Fox Island granite came from the State of Maine and had 
to be delivered at Crown Point Forts, several miles distant from a rail- 
road station. The memorial was practically completed on July 5, 1912, 
although the foundry work on the bronze statue group was not finished, 
but was in place before the close of navigation. The Commissioners 
are gratified that the entire memorial, including granite and bronze 
work, and architects' fees, was completed within the contract price of 
approximately $51,313.83, and has been generally approved by the 
Governors of New York and Vermont and by all others who have 
passed judgment upon it. In the production of such memorials, where 
aesthetics must be combined with utilitarian purposes, not readily sus- 
ceptible of artistic treatment, it is not to be determined a priori from 
plans, what the result may be and especially when so much depends 
upon the location and landscape surroundings, as m the case of this 
memorial. 

The artistic features of this memorial with its group of bronze 
statuary, with the Rodin allegorical bust " La France " set in its 
granite base, with eight free standing Doric columns surrounding its 
central shaft, supporting a visitors' gallery, that gives a wide outlook 
over the lake and above that, a lantern platform 50 feet from the ground. 



State of New York 



all surmounted by a circular capital with the garlands of the frieze 
binding the top together rising 73 feet above the circular terrace and 101 
feet above the level of the lake and in the main after the style of the 
architecture prevailing in France at the time of Champlain, are rather 
accentuated by the grandeur of the natural scenery surrounding it, pro- 
duced by the rugged Adirondacks in the west, the long expanse of 
undulating waters in the north, historic Chimney Point, the fertile fields, 
green vales and receding mountains in the east and the majestic ivy-clad 
ruins in the south, all under an azure vault of sky, " glorious as the gates 
of Heaven." This memorial of highly artistic design with surroundings 
of such natural beauty and sublimity and nearly " throned among the 
hills " cannot fail to make an impression on the imagination and to pro- 
duce a pleasing effect upon the mind, which is said by Sir Joshua 
Reynolds to be " the end of art." 

Inscriptions on the two granite pyramids are the following: 

(Western p\)Tamid) 

NEW YORK 

LAKE CHAMPLAIN 

TERCENTENARY 

COMMISSION 



GOVERNOR CHARLES E. HUGHES 

GOVERNOR JOHN A. DIX 

H. WALLACE KNAPP 

HENRY W. HILL 

WALTER C. WITHERBEE 

JAMES J. FRAWLEY 

JAMES SHEA 

WILLIAM R. WEAVER 

JAMES A. FOLEY 

JOHN H. BOOTH 

JOHN B. RILEY 

LOUIS C. LAFONTAINE 

HOWLAND PELL 



Kli- 




Champlain Memorial Lighthouse at Crown Point 




Champlaln Group at Crown Point Memorial 



The Champlain Tercentenary 



(Eastern pyramid) 

VERMONT 

LAKE CHAMPLAIN 

TERCENTENARY 

COMMISSION 



GOVERNOR GEORGE H. PROUTY 

GOVERNOR JOHN A. MEAD 

LYNN M. HAYS 

FRANK L. FISH 

WALTER H. CROCKETT 

HORACE W. BAILEY 

GEORGE T. JARVIS 

JOHN M. THOMAS 

WILLIAM J. VAN PATTEN 

ARTHUR F. STONE 
FREDERICK O. BEAUPRE 



THE CHILDREN OF VERMONT PARTICIPATED IN 

THE ERECTION OF THIS MONUMENT IN HONOR OF 

SAMUEL CHAMPLAIN 



TTie following arms appear on the base of the moniunent, in following 
order from front to rear: 

(East side) 

Arms of " La Compagnie de la Nouvelle France." 

Arms of the State of Vermont. 

Arms of France of the time of Louis XIII. 

(West side) 
Arms of the United States. 
Arms of the State of New York. 
Arms of Brouage. (Birthplace of Champlain.) 



State of New York 



Inscription on bronze tablet on the base of the Lighthouse, below the 
statue of Champlain and the Rodin bust : 



1609 TO THE MEMORY OF 1909 

SAMUEL CHAMPLAIN 

INTREPID NAVIGATOR 

SCHOLARLY EXPLORER 

CHRISTIAN PIONEER 

ERECTED BY THE STATE OF NEW YORK AND 

THE STATE OF VERMONT 

IN COMMEMORATION OF HIS DISCOVERY OF 

THE LAKE WHICH BEARS HIS NAME 



A description of the Rodin bust and the illustrations of this memorial 
may be found elsewhere in this volume. It was erected under the super- 
vision of Commissioners Walter C. Witherbee, Howland Pell, James 
Shea, Louis C. Lafontaine and the chairman, Hon. H. Wallace Knapp. 
The Legislature authorized the construction of two permanent memorials 
to Samuel Champlain in the Champlain valley by chapter 181 of the 
Laws of 1911. The Commissioners appointed to supervise the con- 
struction of the Champlain memorial at Plattsburgh, were Judge John 
B. Riley, Judge John H. Booth, Senator James A. Foley and Hon. 
William R. Weaver, together with the chairman, the Hon. H. Wallace 
Knapp. They employed Messrs. Dillon, McLellan & Beadel to design 
the Plattsburgh memorial, the same architects who designed the Crown 
Point Memorial. Carl Augustus Heber was employed as the sculptor 
for the Plattsburgh Champlain Statue. The city of Plattsburgh pur- 
chased a commanding site for the memorial on the north shore of the 
harbor, below the outlet of the Saranac river overlooking Cumberland 
Bay and Lake Champlain. 

The Plattsburgh memorial has been described by the architects as 
follows : 




Memorial to ianiuel Chainplulri at Plattsburgh 



) 



The Champlain Tercentenary 



DESCRIPTION 

The Plattsburgh memorial to Samuel Champlain consists of a statue 
and pedestal standing on a terrace in a park over-looking Lake Cham- 
plciin. TTie Terrace is bordered by a granite coping, and a flight of 
steps leads down to the lake. 

TTie pedestal is square, slightly tapering toward the top. It is twenty- 
two feet high, and built of Massachusetts pink granite. It stands on a 
platform two steps above the terrace. Its base is surrounded by a 
granite seat and ornamented in front by the figure of a crouching Indian 
with bow and shield, carved in granite; at each side by a canoe prow 
with trophies typical of America in Champlain's time; and at the rear by 
a bronze tablet bearing the names of the Commissioners. 

The canoe prows were chosen because the birch bark canoe is one of 
the highest achievements, both constructively and artistically, of any 
primitive race, and is typical of Eastern North America. Strongly and 
ingeniously made of materials found in the woods, seaworthy, capable 
of carrying a heavy load, and so light that it could easily be carried from 
one waterway to another, it provided the quickest and easiest means of 
travel for the Indians and for the explorers of this part of the country. 
Without its assistance, journeys such as Champlain's would have been 
vastly more difficult, if not impossible. 

The type is fast disappearing with our forests, so it seems fitting to 
perpetuate it in stone on the monument to Champlain, to whom it was of 
such service. 

The upper part of the pedestal is decorated with carved garlands of 
Indian corn, and bears the following inscription on the front and back 
respectively : 



8 State of New York 



(Front) (Rear) 

Erected by 
Samuel The State of 

Champlain New York in 

1567 1635 Commemora- 

Navigator tion of the 

Discoverer Discovery of 

Colonizer Lake Champlain 

1609 1909 

(Inscription on Bronze Tablet on Rear) 

LAKE CHAMPLAIN TERCENTENARY COMMISSION 
STATE OF NEW YORK 

GOV. CHARLES E. HUGHES. GOV. JOHN A. DIX 
H. WALLACE KNAPP WILLIAM R. WEAVER 

HENRY W. HILL JAMES A. FOLEY 

WALTER C. WITHERBEE JOHN H. BOOTH 

JAMES J. FRAWLEY JOHN B. RILEY 

JAMES SHEA LOUIS C. LAFONTAINE 

HOWLAND PELL 

The statue of Champlain, which is nearly twelve feet high and of 
bronze, represents him in his soldier costume holding in his hand the 
arquebuse of which he speaks in his memoirs. This and his breastplate, 
helmet or morion, cloak, doublet, boots, and sword follow carefully the 
style of his period: the arquebuse, morion and sword being modelled 
after the ancient pieces in the collection of Hon. Howland Pell. 

The monument was designed by Dillon, McLellan & Beadel, the 
architects of the Champlain Memorial Lighthouse at Crown Point 
Forts, and the sculpture was done by Carl A. Heber, who modelled the 
Crown Point memorial figures. 

Contracts were let to Booth Brothers and Hurricane Isle Granite 
Company for the granite work of the Plattsburgh Memorial, which was 
to be built of Massachusetts pink granite and also for the bronze tablet. 



I 




Champlain Statue at Plattsburgh 




Crouching Indian at Base of Champlain Statue at Plattsburgh 



The Champlain Tercentenary 



steps, coping, etc., and to Carl A. Heber, the sculptor for the bronze 
statue of Champlain and for the models of the Indian, canoe prow and 
garlands. The approximate cost of the entire memorial, including 
architects' fees, was $20,263.51. This memorial was completed in 
time for dedication on July 6, 1912. It is a stately and dignified 
memorial after an original design, about 34 feet high and rising 61 J/2 
feet above the level of the lake, and so located as to be readily seen from 
the decks of passenger steamers entering the port of Plattsburgh. As a 
work of art, it will stand comparison with any of the memorials to 
Samuel Champlain in this country. 



II. THE ALLEGORICAL BUST, "LA FRANCE." AND 
THE PERSONNEL AND MISSION OF THE 
FRENCH DELEGATION 

11 




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II. THE ALLEGORICAL BUST, "LA FRANCE." AND 
THE PERSONNEL AND MISSION OF THE FRENCH 
DELEGATION 

As THE MEMORIALS neared completion, it was learned through His 
Excellency, Jean Adrien Antoine Jules Jusserand, the French 
Ambassador, that His Excellency, Clement Armand Fallieres, 
President of the Republic of France, and the French people were raising 
funds to purchase and present to the Lake Champlain Tercentenary 
Commissions, which was to become a part of the Champlain memorial 
at Crown Point Forts, an allegorial bust by one of their noted sculptors. 
The cordial relations existing between the people of France and the 
people of America, as a result of the Champlain Tercentenary Celebra- 
tion, awakened in the two peoples something of that friendship, which 
naturally springs from the pursuit of common purposes, similar ideals and 
like humanitarian impulses. The Tercentenary tributes to the God-fear- 
ing Champlain, whose noble qualities of mind and heart and whose unre- 
quited services to mankind afford the occasion for the intermingling of 
the two races and the interchange of expressions of good will and cordial 
greetings, touched the hearts of the French people as nothing else had done, 
since the time when the people of this country bestowed their tributes on 
that other distinguished Frenchman and patriot. Marquis de Lafayette, 
whose services to this nation have ever since provoked the praises of our 
countrymen. This appears from what followed. 

Through the columns of Le Figaro of December 22, 1911, His Ex- 
cellency, Albert Auguste Gabriel Hanotaux, of the French Academy 
and President of the Franco-American Committee, which assumed the 
undertaking of procuring the Rodin allegorical bust, " La France," 
appealed to the people of France to support the Committee in its under- 
taking. In the course of this appeal (rendered into English), he said: 

Of the three names (Champlain, Jacques de Liniers and F. de Lesseps), per- 
haps the greatest is that of Champlain. He was at once both founder and 

13 



14 State of New York 



originator. Canada owes its existence to him. Quebec celebrated three years 
ago the memory of the man who having full consciousness of what he did placed 
the first stone of the French metropolis in America. He had also " great plans 
and vast thoughts." A man of action, he was a man of imagination. He dreamed 
of the establishment for the benefit of France, of an immense dominion covering 
the American continent from Canada to Louisiana and Florida, through the valley 
of the Mississippi. This was neither more nor less than the idea of the future 
Republic of the United States, but in Champlain's thought it was a matter of a 
French America. On the very first page of his book (now so rare and so much 
sought for by book-lovers), a book which he dedicated to the Cardinal Richelieu, 
the only one capable of comprehending him, Champlain explains his thought in 
terms of thrilling clearness. " It is necessary," he wrote in 1 632, " that under 
the reign of King Louis the Just, France beholds herself enriched with a country, 
the extent of which exceeds sixteen hundred leagues in length and more than five 
hundred in v^dth, and that in a continent which leaves nothing to be desired in 
the bounty of its lands and in the profit which can be drawn from them, both for 
foreign commerce and for the delights of life therein. The communication of the 
great rivers and lakes, which are like seas stretching across these countries, affords 
so great facility for all discoverers in the remote regions that one can go to the 
seas of the west, of the east, of the far north, or even to the south." When I 
cited this same page in 1898, I added: " Sixteen hundred leagues by five hundred I 
These are proportions over which one can now labor only in Africa." 

No doubt the great cities which will one day grow up on the banks of the 
Sangha, of the Oubanghi, and of the Congo, will celebrate Brazza, even as the 
United States prepare to glorify Champlain. 

Some months ago our Ambassador at Washington, M. J. J. Jusserand, called 
the attention of the Minister of Foreign Affairs to the frequency of French com- 
memorations in the United States. He mentioned especially the approaching 
erection on the borders of Lake Champlain of a monument consecrated to the 
memory of our compatriot and he asked the Government to act so that France 
would not be " absent " from these exercises so honorable to her. The Minister 
of Foreign Affairs laid the matter before the Franco-American Committee, who in 
turn makes its appeal to the public. 

It is not desirable, indeed it is not proper that France absolutely ignore what is 
being done for her. Can she forget past services? Nations have the right to be 
ungrateful, but they cannot neglect courtesies — that would be inexcusable. A 
lack of good manners is worse than a fault. Since North America, or, to speak 
more exactly, the states of New York and Vermont, wish to remember, would 
we not be obstinate to forget? 



The Champlain Tercentenary 15 



The monuraent under construction is admirably adapted to the place and to the 
claims of the man, which it is designed to celebrate. There is at the extremity 
of the lake discovered by Champlain, and which bears his name, a lighthouse, 
throwing its rays over the waters of which, he, first of Europeans, contemplated 
the immense extent, empty and wild, and which are now traversed by the fleet of 
great steamboats, the region peopled by a swarm of men. A solid mass of masonry, 
a crown of columns bearing a terrace, and above all the lantern of the lighthouse, 
these are from base to summit the members of this powerful architecture. From 
the mass of masonry rises a rostrum, beneath which Champlain stands like a pilot. 

What can France do? What should she do? What stone worthy of her can 
she bring to the monument? There is but one solution. It is that this stone must 
be precious. . . . We are at the house of Rodin. It is known how popular 
his name is in America. The great sculptor whose renown extends over the 
world has nowhere more ardent admirers. We hasten through the great rooms 
of the Hotel Biron. These great bare halls, full of the genius from which admin- 
istrative barbarism is undertaking to shut out the glory, and among so many master- 
pieces where admiration exhausts itself, we discover (that is the true word, for 
the remarkable modesty of the master scarcely pointed it out to us) a bronze bust: 
France. Imagine the emotion of this finding! We sought an image, a symbol, 
I may say a signature of our country, to send out there and we find France her- 
self, a darling France, full of grace, of spirit and of courage; a young French 
woman to the sensitive nostrils, to the full cheeks; to the chin, delicate and obstinate, 
to the glance, loyal, headstrong and brave; a young woman in whom are summed 
up our Clotilde, our Blanche, our Henriette and our Jeanne, crowned with her 
tresses as with a helmet, armed with her attire as v\ath a cuirass. We sought for 
a French conception and we find the very image of France. It is this figure we 
wish to send out there, that it may be placed near the monument of Champlain. 
In front of the mass of masonry, a light construction, an " edicule," which will be 
like a stone shrine sheltering and isolating the bust. And thus French art will carry 
its offering simply and beautifully, associating it with the powerful American 
commemoration. 

If the idea appears good and worthy, worthy of the Government and of the 
Embassy, which has been confided to us, worthy of the man who was three cen- 
turies ago the champion of our country, worthy of the sister republic, then it is 
necessary that friends sign this visiting-card which will be sent out there in her name. 

The inauguration of the monument will take place next July. A French dele- 
gation will go to deliver Rodin's bronze to the building committee. Time presses. 
We must be ready by the day named. The bronze which requires some altera- 
tions will be quickly completed. But it is further necessary that the architect 



16 State of New York 



place the edicule. that they cut the stone, that they engrave it in order that the 
thought of the master make in the ensemble a dehcate, proud work, a flower of 
France, blossoming in good art at the foot of the colossal monument. 

A little money is needed. But above all is needed a prompt expression to 
prevent at once any fault of taste and lack of precision. The Figaro opens its 
columns to us. The Times, the Matin, the Parisian press aid us. To-day appears 
the first subscription list. We make appeal to the friends of America and to the 
friends of France, that it may be rapidly closed up. 

To this patriotic appeal generous response was made and the bust was 
secured. On April 26, 1912, the French delegation on their superb 
steamship France of La Compagnie Generale Transatlantique in 
New York harbor was welcomed by members of the New York Lake 
Champlain Tercentenary Commission, Viscount de Jean, Secretary of 
the French Embassy at Washington, M. Etienne Marie Louis Lanel, 
French Consul-Gencral at New York, Paul Fuller, Jr., representing the 
Franco-American Committee, Hon. McDougall Hawkes, representing 
the Franco- American Institute in the United States, and Mr. Henry L. 
Beadel, one of the architects of the Champlain Memorials. The inter- 
change of greetings between the members of the Tercentenary Commis- 
sion and the visitors prepared the way for the receptions that were to 
follow at New York, Washington, Philadelphia, Boston, Montreal, 
Quebec, and elsewhere. TTie delegation was accompanied by Hon. 
Robert Bacon, former United States Ambassador to France, and was 
one of the most representative that had ever come over from France. It 
included in its membership: 

His Excellency, Albert Auguste Gabriel Hanotaux, of the French 
Academy, former Minister of Foreign Affairs, President of the delega- 
tion; Hon. Louis Barthou, Member of the Chamber of Deputies, former 
Minister of Justice; Baron D'Estournelles de Constant, Member of the 
French Senate and of The Hague International Tribunal; M. Rene 
Bazin of the French Academy; General Lebon, Grand Officer of the 
Legion of Honor and Member of the Superior Council of War; M. 
Etienne Lcuny of the French Academy; M. Fernand Cormon, painter. 



The Champlain Tercentenary 17 



President of the Academy of Fine Arts; Count Charles de Chambrun, 
Secretary of the French Embassy at Washington, representing President 
Poincare of the Council of Ministers; M. Paul Vidal de le Blache, 
Member of the Institute, representing the University of Paris; Le Due 
Choiseul, descendant of an old distinguished French family; Count de 
Rochambeau, descendant of Count de Rochambeau, in command of the 
French forces in America during the Revolution; M. J. Dal Piaz, 
Director-General of La Compagnie Generale Transatlantique ; M. Louis 
Bleriot, Engineer and Aviator; M. Antoine Girard, Commercial 
Explorer; M. Leon Barthou, delegate from the Aero Club of France; 
M. Gabriel Louis Jaray, Member of the Council of State and Secretary 
of the General Franco-American Committee; M. Gaston Deschamps, 
representing " Le Temps;" M. Regis Gignoux, representing " Le 
Figaro; " M. Roger Gouel, Secretary of the delegation; the Countess 
de Rochambeau; Madame Bleriot; Miss Valentine Girard and Miss 
Madeline Cormon. 

Baron D'Estournelles de Constant, so favorably known to Americans 
on account of his advocacy of International Peace on a former visit to 
this country, introduced the members of the delegation to members of the 
New York Commission, which presented to each visitor one of the official 
souvenir Champlain badges and later a copy of the first edition of the 
Official Report of the Tercentenary Celebration. The mission of the 
delegation was to bring and present to the New York and Vermont 
Lake Champlain Tercentenary Commissions the allegorical bust " La 
France," by Auguste Rodin, bearing the following inscription: 

LE XX JUILLET MDCIX LE FRANQAIS S. CHAMPLAIN 

A DfiCOUVERT LE LAC QUI PORTE SON NOM. 

LE III MAI MCMXII LES ^TATS DE 

NEW- YORK ET DE VERMONT 

ELEVANT CE MONUMENT 
UNE DELEGATION FRANCAISE 
A SCELLE CETTE FIGURE DE 
A. Rodin " LA FRANCE." 

3 



18 State of New York 

The architects of the Crown Point memorial thus described the bust: 
The plaque represents France with a head-dress that follows some- 
what the form of a liberty cap, and is half-indicated as the skin of a cock. 
A claw and a comb seem almost discernible in the boldly modelled 
planes and ridges. " La France " herself is a young woman with a 
strong face. The nose is modelled in a few bold planes, and is large. 
The eyes are staring and archaic. The mouth is firm, but is more kindly 
modelled than the nose, and the chin and cheeks are rounded, and, 
though firm, more feminine than the rest of the countenance. The pose 
is alert, even aggressive. It is too masculine to be immediately attractive, 
but familiarity with it seems to subdue its harshness and bring out its 
charm, until it is seen to possess that indescribable quality of mystery 
that belongs to a few famous portraits. 

M. Hanotaux said that " it was fit to replace the Mona Lisa." Per- 
haps he is right. There is no doubt at least that it is the work of a 
master. It has been placed on the front of the pedestal that carries the 
statue of Champlain. 

Allegorical Interpretation. 
[Suggested by Henry W. Hill, Secretary of the Commission.] 

In addition to the foregoing technical description, this chef-d'ceuvre may 
also have another interpretation, for it was designed to symbolize France, 
through the transformation of ten centuries of turbulence, revolution and 
evolution, the center of the Republican movement in Europe and finally 
emerging triumphantly reconstructed and self-reliant, the exponent 
among Continental nations of the liberty, equality and fraternity of 
mankind. In her new Renaissance of constitutional government, the 
spirit of intense patriotism has taken possession of her people and France 
is another illustration of the solidarity of those communities and stability 
of those nations, which are actuated by and founded upon popular 
liberties. 

In contemplating this work, we are made to realize that the French 
as well as the Italians have an Intuitive appreciation of the ideals in 



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The Champlain Tercentenary 19 

aesthetics and they are setting the standards of their ideals in art so high, 
that France as well as Italy is leading most other nations in artistic achieve- 
ment as may be seen in the marvelous productions of her modern sculptors, 
whose works are not only found in the Louvre, the Musee du Luxem- 
bourg and in other collections, but also adorn the palaces, boulevards and 
public grounds of Paris and other municipalities of France. 

The moderate encouragement given there to art by the state and the 
people of the country has undoubtedly stimulated original and creative 
production in sculpture as well as in painting, notwithstanding the apathy 
once described by Theodore Duret, who declared that " there is nothing 
sadder to recount in the whole history of art than the persecution in- 
flicted upon truly original and creative artists of the country." In this 
martyrdom of those devoted to aesthetic achievements the world over 
inheres the truth of the Roman adage, patitur qui vincit. Auguste 
Rodin, who was born in Paris in 1 840 and elected President of the Inter- 
national Society of Sculptors, Painters and Engravers in 1904, has con- 
quered and lives to see his works admired in both hemispheres, notwith- 
standing his disregard of the canons and conventionahties of the French 
Institute, which were repulsive to him. He has devoted himself to a 
mastery of nature, as zealously as did Michael Angelo to the study of 
anatomy. He is original and creative and his works are now appreciated 
by members of the Institute as well as by the savants in art the world 
over. His success in his field of sculptural achievement is largely due 
to his intense application to nature, as interpreted through the perspective 
of a vivid imagination, a poetic temperament and a keen appreciation of 
the beautiful and the sublime. These have impelled him to reject the 
conventional details, due to uniform rules applying to all alike, regardless 
of the individual characteristics, apparent in the works of many sculptors 
and to devote himself to productions, which are the embodiment of in- 
dividual realism. In " La France," one appreciates that he has pro- 
duced a work with an exuberance of detail as stately as the Greek con- 
ception of the ideal head, shown in the marble copy of the Athene 
Parthenos of Phidias. It is a production of marked originality and has 



20 State of New York 

the character and the strength of the works of Donatello and of Michael 
Angelo, which contain " infinitely subtle shades of form in each sinuosity 
of contour " and are suggestive of living personalities. Whether or not 
we accept the intuitional theory of aesthetics, propounded by Benedetto 
Croce and others, that beauty is spiritual activity or expression and 
nothing more and is not predicable of nature apart from expression, we 
cannot fail to appreciate that the works of Rodin,* which are true to 
nature or an improvement upon it, are illustrations of perfect aesthetic 
expression and therefore fall within Signore Croce's category of aesthetic 
productions. 

The allegorical bust, " La France," a work of poetic symbolism, re- 
veals something of the culture and the contemplative character and native 
resolution of that nation, which struggles and conquers and whose in- 
tellectual development — through the various stages of a complex and 
progressive civilization, broadened by the discovery of her navigators and 
the assumption of the responsibility of colonial government of her own 
and alien races, ameliorated by the responsiveness of her statesmen to 
popular ideas, thus solving the perplexing problems of organization and 
administration, enlightened by the brilliant achievements of her scientists 
and of her litterateurs, ennobled by the ethical teachings of her philoso- 
phers and uplifted by the inspiration of her poets and by the marvelous 
creations of her sculptors, her painters and her architects — is the fruition 
of that universal genius, which is regenerating and immortal. This has 
enabled France to maintain a leading position in the onward march of 
civilization and to mold her institutions in conformity to the world's 
approved ethical and political standards. 

It is not necessary to enumerate her contributions to art, to literature or 
to science further than to call attention to the fact that her celebrated 

* There has recently appeared from the press of Small. Maynard & Company, pubHshers of Boston, 
Mass., an English version of "Art" by Auguste Rodin, containing 106 illustrations in halftone and 
photogravure. 

It is a most important contribution to the Hterature of "Art" by one of the greatest living sculptors. It 
covers practically the whole range of art and abounds in the analyses of the works of the masters of painting 
and sculpture, ancient and modern. 



The Champlain Tercentenary 21 

Pierre Simonde de Laplace was the first to unfold the Nebuleir Hypo- 
thesis in his " Exposition du Systeme du Monde " to account for the 
formation of the solar system, and that her Charles Messier was the first 
to catalogue stationary objects so faint as to be hardly observable through 
his small telescope and by him first named '* nebulae." TTie diaphanous, 
spiral convolutions in such of these, as the great green nebula in Orion, 
the brilliant white nebula in Andromeda and the whirlpool nebula in 
Canes Venatici, by the aid of powerful telescopes, may now be photo- 
graphed and by the revelations of the spectroscope, their dimensions, 
character and composition may be determined. 

If these nebulae, first discovered by Messier, be distant universes, not 
unlike the Milky Way, as suggested by Dr. Edward Arthur Fath, who 
estimates the diameter of the nebula in Andromeda at thirty-five trillions 
of miles, we at most have but little conception of their magnitude and the 
wonders of the realms of infinite space about us. The contributions of 
Laplace and Messier as well as of Lalande, Leverrier and others to 
astronomy indicate to some extent the leading position France has always 
taken in the domain of science and original research. All nations 
recognize that La France est la patrie des sciences et des arts. 

Her contributions to civilization and to the world's diplomacy entitle 
her to the gratitude of other civilized nations. 

The people of this nation are especially grateful to France for her 
services in opening up the heart of this continent to its early settlers, 
for her assistance to our people in their struggle for independence and 
for other acts of friendship, gratefully acknowledged elsewhere in this 
Report, the last of vsdiich is beautifully expressed in the gift of the 
Rodin bust, " La France." 



III. SOCIAL FUNCTIONS AND HOSPITALITIES EX- 
TENDED TO THE FRENCH VISITORS IN NEW 
YORK. WASHINGTON. PHILADELPHIA, BOSTON 
AND ELSEWHERE 

33 



III. SOCIAL FUNCTIONS AND HOSPITALITIES EX- 
TENDED TO THE FRENCH VISITORS IN NEW 
YORK. WASHINGTON. PHILADELPHIA. BOSTON 
AND ELSEWHERE 

UPON THEIR DISEMBARKATION, the visitors took rooms in the Hotel 
Vanderbilt. In the evening, they witnessed " Les Fourberies de 
Scapin " of Moliere, played by the students of French in the 
College of the City of New York at the Carnegie Lyceum, and also the 
French version of an English play. On April 27, 1912, Mayor Gaynor 
received the delegation in the City Hall of New York and expressed his 
pleasure at their safe arrival in the city. M. Hanotaux replied that it 
was an honor to present their respects to the first citizen of the great city 
of New York. On the same day, members of the French delegation and 
members of the Lake Chcimplain Tercentenary Commissions were 
tendered a luncheon at the Metropolitan Club in New York by Hon. 
McDougall Hawkes, chairman of the American Board of the French 
Institute in the United States. Mr. Hawkes in a graceful address wel- 
comed the guests and extended an invitation to the First Loan Exhibit of 
the Institute that afternoon. In the course of his address he said: 

Your visit, Mons. Hanotaux, with other distinguished delegates from France, 
who have come on so flattering and pleasing a mission, will constitute a strong 
landmark in what has been so interestingly termed by the distinguished librarian 
of the city of Paris, Marcel Poete, the intellectual expansion of France in the 
United States. This so-called expansion, based on intellectual relations between 
the two countries, is in fact a natural corollary to other relations, which for more 
than three centuries and a half, have inclined each towards the other in common 
sympathies. (Applause.) 

He was followed by Ambassador Jusserand, Mayor Gaynor, Baron 
D'Estournelles de Constant, M. Louis Barthou, Mr. Paul Fuller, who 

25 



26 State of New York 

spoke in French, and others. At the Loan Exposition that followed in 
the East Gallery of the building of the American Arts Society, John W. 
Alexander, President of the National Academy of Design and a Trustee 
of the French Institute in the United States, in a brief address spoke of 
the cordial reception given in France to students of art from this country 
and welcomed the delegation in a most cordial manner to the Institute. 
M. Fernand Cormon, President of the Fine Arts Academy of France, 
expressed his thanks for the cordial welcome they had received and 
declared that 

such occasions as the opening of the Museum of French Art in this country would 
do much to bring artists of the two countries into closer communication and would 
multiply the means and the occasions, through which Americans and the French 
could better know and appreciate one another. For this good work, which has 
been so auspiciously begun to-day, you will have our active co-operation and I 
extend to you our sincere thanks. (Applause.) 

On the following morning the members of the French delegation and 
the members of the Lake Champlain Tercentenary Commissions were 
received by former Senator William A. Clark at his Fifth Avenue home 
and shown through his unique and valuable art collections, in which the 
visitors expressed deep interest. They were surprised to find so extensive 
and rare a collection in private hands, and congratulated Senator Clark 
upon his acquisition and possession of it. 

Members of the delegation took the afternoon train for Washington, 
where they were met by Mr. Chandler Hale, Third Assistant Secretary 
of State, an aide-de-camp of the President, and Count de Peretti de 
la Rocca, Counsellor to the French Ambassador. On April 29th they 
were accompanied by Secretary of War, Henry L. Stimson, Major- 
General Leonard Wood, General Oliver and others on the Dolphin 
to Mount Vernon, where M. Hanotaux on behalf of his compatriots 
placed a wreath of flowers on the tomb of President Washington. 

On their return to Washington, Ambassador and Mme. Jusserand 
tendered them a reception at the French Embassy, which was attended 








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The Champlain Tercentenary 27 

by the diplomatic corps and others, and later the National Press Club 
also gave them a reception. In the evening Ambassador and Mrs. 
Jusserand gave them a dinner at the French Embassy, which was fol- 
lowed by a ball given by Mr. John Barrett at the Pan-American 
Building. 

On Tuesday morning, April 30th, they visited the Congressional 
Library, the Supreme Court, the Senate and the House of Representa- 
tives and were then entertained at luncheon at the White House by 
President and Mrs. Taft, where informal expressions of good will con- 
cluded the Washington visit. 

They returned to New York in the afternoon and were given a re- 
ception and dinner by La Compagnie Generale Transatlantique on board 
the new steamship France, said to be one of the most artistically 
decorated vessels that ever entered the harbor of New York and flying 
the largest American flag ever unfurled from the masthead of any vessel, 
the gift of Ambassador Robert Bacon to this ship on her maiden voyage. 
Members of the Champlain Tercentenary Commissions were also guests 
at the dinner, at which M. Paul Faguet, general agent of the company, 
presided. Among the speakers were M. J. Dal Piaz, director-general of 
the company. Ambassador Jusserand, M. Gabriel Hanotaux and others. 
Later in the evening, the Society of the Cincinnati held a reception at the 
beautiful home of Mr. and Mrs. Charles B. Alexander at No. 4 West 
58th Street, at which the members of the French delegation and the 
members of the Lake Champlain Tercentenary Commissions were guests. 
On the following day, some members of the French delegation accom- 
panied by Ambassador Robert Bacon went to Boston and were met by 
Prof. W. H. Schofield of Harvard and William Rotch, president of the 
Alliance Frangaise at the south station. They were entertained at break- 
fast by Prof. Schofield and at luncheon by President Lowell of Harvard, 
where they addressed the students in French. Later in the afternoon 
they visited the State House and were presented to Governor Foss. 
Other members of the delegation went to Philadelphia, visited the Uni- 
versity of Pennsylvania and Independence Hall, where they saw many 



28 State of New York 

portraits of notable persons, including those of Marquis de Lafayette, 
Count de Rochambeau, Count Matthieu Dumas, the general's aide, and 
others, in which they were deeply interested. They were then enter- 
tained at luncheon by the Hon. Charlemagne Tower, former Ambassador 
to Germany, and Mrs. Tower, at which luncheon were Dr. and Mrs. 
S. Weir Mitchell, Mr. and Mrs. Frank Rosengarten and others. 



IV. BANQUET AT THE WALDORF-ASTORIA HOTEL. 
NEW YORK CITY. MAY 1. 1912. AND PRESENTA- 
TION OF RODIN BUST " LA FRANCE " 



29 



IV. BANQUET AT THE WALDORF-ASTORIA HOTEL. 
NEW YORK CITY. MAY 1. 1912. AND PRESENTA- 
TION OF RODIN BUST " LA FRANCE " 

ALL THE MEMBERS of the delegation returned to New York in the 
afternoon to attend the principal State banquet tendered to them 
under the auspices of the Lake Champlain Association and the 
Tercentenary Commissions of New York and Vermont at the Waldorf- 
Astoria Hotel in the evening of May 1. 1912. The Astor gallery of 
the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel where the dinner was served, was beautifully 
decorated with flowers and the flags of the two nations, intertwined, 
emblematic of the intimate friendship existing between France and the 
United States. Elaborate and beautifully designed menu cards with 
photographs of the Champlain memorials and with the names of the 
French delegation were provided and all other ante-prandial arrange- 
ments had been carefully looked after by the Hon. Frank S. Witherbee 
and Percival Wilds, the president and secretary of the Lake Champlain 
Association, and by Hon. Howland Pell of the New York Tercentenary 
Commission, to all of whom much credit is due for the success of the 
banquet. 

***** Just in time to banquet 
The illustrious company assembled here. * * * 

On the dais were seated thirty-one of the distinguished guests, including 
President John H. Finley of the College of the City of New York, the 
Toastmaster, Ambassador Jusserand, Attorney-General George W. 
Wickersham, representing the President of the United States, General 
Horace Porter, former Ambassador to France, Hon. Robert Bacon, 
former Ambassador to France, Lieutenant-Governor Thomas F. Con- 
way, Mayor William J. Gaynor, Hon. A. Barton Hepburn, members of 
the French delegation, some members of the Lake Champlain Tercen- 

31 



32 State of New York 

tenary Commissions and others. The other members of the Tercentenary 
Commissions and the other guests were grouped around thirty-two sepa- 
rate tables, and among them were General Stewart L. Woodford, 
former Ambassador to Spain, Governor John A. Mead of Vermont, 
Hon. Francis Lynde Stetson, General Charles Davis, Adjutant-General 
William Verbeck, Hon. J. G. McCullough, Hon. Frank S. Witherbee, 
Hon. Henry W. Taft, Hon. Charles B. Alexander, Hon. McDougall 
Hawkes, Hon. William A. Clark, Stephen H. P. Pell, Esq., Philip 
Livingston, T. J. Oakley Rhinelander, Hon. Peter Barlow, Hon. 
Francis K. Pendleton, Hon. Rhinelander Waldo, Hon. Bird S. Coler, 
A. Eugene Gallatin, Hon. Edward W. Hatch, Hon. Chester B. Mc- 
Laughlin, Bashford A. Dean, Esq., Hon. John F. O'Brien, Hon. 
Darwin P. Kingsley, Hon. Frederic R. Couderl, Dr. Lewis Francis, 
Viscount de Jean, Count Jacques de Portales, Count Henri de Saint 
Seine, Count de La Fayette, M. Etienne Marie Louis Lanel, Hon. Ed- 
ward H. Butler, William P. Northrup and others. 

The three hundred guests represented many of the historic families of 
France and America, which had played an important part in the history 
of the two countries. It was a notable assemblage and thoroughly repre- 
sentative of the official life, culture and best citizenship of the two 
nations. 

After toasts to the President of the United States and to the President 
of France, the band played The Star Spangled Banner and La Marseil- 
laise. Other national airs of France and the United States interspersed 
the speeches and were productive of convivial feeling. 

President Finley had before him on the table the keystone taken from 
over the door of the birthplace of Samuel Champlain in Brouage. It 
was encircled by the French flags on the table. His illuminating and 
charming articles on " The French in the Heart of America," com- 
mencing in Scribner's Magazine for September, 1912, and continuing in 
succeeding numbers of that periodical, show the wide extent of the French 
settlements in America and something of America's indebtedness to 
France. 



The Champlain Tercentenary 33 



Address of President John H. Finley 

My selection (by those representing the two Champlain Tercentenary Commis- 
sions and by the Champlain Association, to whose officers the success of this great 
occasion is to be credited) — my selection for this office to-night is due to no fit- 
ness except the degree of my devotion to Champlain and the degree of my personal 
debt to France. So far as I know, I am the only man in New York, if not in 
the United States, who has ever made a pilgrimage to Champlain's birthplace. 
And no man in America is more grateful to France for his own birthplace. It is 
not permitted me to speak my devotion to Champlain and my gratitude to France. 
I will let this silent stone speak for me — this fragment of rock from the coast of 
France, which was once a keystone in the arch over the doorway of the home in 
Broiiage in which, by tradition, Champlain was born. I have brought it across 
the sea, in a French vessel, to rebuild it in some monument here or in Canada, or 
between the two countries. To-night it is garlanded by flowers grown in America 
— in tribute to that Brouage boy who has made American wildernesses blossom 
as the rose. And I pour upon its face a libation in the wine of the land for whose 
glory he dared, as a man, all perils of sea and land and died an exile beneath the 
gray rock of Quebec, Champlain! 

This stone will speak more effectively than my strange vocabulary, the welcome 
I would give this most distinguished company from France to-day. Here is a 
bit of France, still unnaturalized, that will vibrate in all its particles with joy when 
it hears the voices that speak the most beautiful language on earth. (I have 
only a fear that it will disintegrate in its happiness.) 

What I would have this stone say will have eloquent supplement in what will 
be said by those who represent the Nation, the States of New York and Vermont 
and the city of New York. These, gentlemen of France, it is my honor to 
present to you. 

Those explorers, priests and coureurs des bois whom Champlain started out into 
the West gave to the world for all time (and to a new nation for some time at 
least) that most wonderful of all the valleys in the world, the Mississippi Valley. 
And it is a noteworthy fact that the three heads of the co-ordinate branches of 
our government come from that valley and from the banks of the rivers discovered 
by the French. The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court comes from the River, 
which Sieur de La Salle with Tonty traced to the Gulf of Mexico. The Speaker 
of the House of Representatives comes from the banks of that tumultuous and 
shifting flood known as the Missouri, which Joliet and Marquette saw hurling great 
4 



34 State of New York 



trees into the Mississippi. And the President of the United States conies from the 
banks of a river of that same valley, also discovered, in all probability, by the 
French, — the river along which they planted their plates of discovery, the river 
which they called La Belle Riviere. I propose the health of the geographical son 
of France, the President of the United States, who is represented here to-night by a 
member of his Cabinet, Attorney-General Wickersham. (Applause.) 

As Dr. Finley poured a few drops of champagne over the stone the 
banqueters went to their feet and cheered enthusiastically. President 
Finley then presented Attorney-General Wickersham, delegated to 
represent the President, who spoke as follows: 

Address of Attorney-General George W. Wickersham 

Mr. Toasimaster, Mr. Ambassador, Mzmbers of the French Delegation, Ladies 
and Cenilemen. — In July, 1 909, representatives of France, Canada and the 
United States, and of the several states bordering on Lake Champlain, united in 
celebrating the three hundredth anniversary of the discovery of that lake by the 
great pioneer, whose name it bears. That discovery itself was but the occasion for 
a savage combat between the Indians, whom Champlain accompanied and the 
ferocious Iroquois whom they encountered. Only one ray of light struggles through 
the miserable tale of barbaric celebration of the victory which the French firearms 
enabled the Hurons to win over their enemies. That ray was the half successful 
effort made by Champlain to check the infliction by his Indian companions of the 
usual fiendish tortures upon their prisoners. 

Je leur remonstrois que nous n'usions point de ces cruautez, wrote Cham- 
plain in the account of his Journeys (Voyages), et que nous les faisions 
mourir tout d'un coup, et que s'ils vouloyent que je luy donnasse un coup 
d'arquebuse, j'en serois content. lis dirent que non, et qu'il ne sentiroit 
point de mal. Je m'en allay d'avec eux comme fasche de voir tant de cruautez 
qu'ils exercoient sur ce corps. Comme ils virent que je n'en estois contant, 
ils m'appelerent et me dirent que je luy donnasse un coup d'arquebuse: ce que 
je fis, sans qu'il en vist rien; et luy (is passer tous les tourmens qu'il devoit 
souffrir, d'un coup, plustost que de la voir tyranniser. (Voyages, Oeuvres 
de Champlain. Ill, pp. 197-8. Quebec, 1870.) 
(I objected that we did not practice these cruelties, and that we killed our 
enemies with one blow; that I would be content if they would let me shoot him 
with my arquebuse. They said no; that he felt no pain. I turned away from 



The Champlain Tercentenary 35 



them as though angered at such cruelty as they were inflicting upon the wretch. 
Seeing that I was vexed, they called me back and said I could shoot him with my 
arquebuse, which I did, without his knowing anything, thus ending the agony 
which he was suffering at one shot, rather than to see him further tormented.) 

In all the history of this man we find him the same — brave, simple, humane, 
unselfish; the embodiment of patriotism and piety — an example of the finest 
manly qualities. 

It was, therefore, fitting that in perpetual memory of Samuel Champlain 
there should be erected at the scene of the combat that signalized the discovery 
of this lake — that same Crown Point that a century and a quarter later was 
one of the first places to fall before the arms of American colonials in the War 
of Independence — a lighthouse, whose beams shining through the darkness of 
the night, even as the compassion of the good Champlain lightened the path of 
Stygian horrors to the poor suffering savage whose miseries he ended, may warn 
and guide the mariners on those dangerous waters, through dark and stormy nights, 
to the safe haven where they would be. 

And it is, therefore, a worthy object that brings this Embassy of the French 
Nation from over seas to install at that lighthouse a bronze bas-relief of France, 
wrought by the hands of one of the greatest of living sculptors — that Rodin, 
whose name is as well known in America as in his native country; a token which 
will remain there as an abiding symbol of the intimate part and mighty influence 
which the French people have had in the history and development of America. 

How many illustrious French names are written in the history of this continent, 
from the earliest days of struggle with the miseries of rigorous climate and savage 
aborigines, down to the cession by Napoleon of the vast territory of Louisiana! 
What a roll of noble names of men who sacrificed all that makes life pleasant, 
in the pursuit of ideals in which no thought of self entered, save the hope and 
vision of that day when they should be greeted with the words: 

Come, ye blessed of my Father, inherit the kingdom prepared for you 
from the foundation of the world. 

The names of Cartier, Le Jeune, Brebeuf, Lalemant, LaSalle, Joliet, Frontenac, 
Hennepin, Marquette, Champlain, and many others rise before us. But among 
them all, none is more worthy to be remembered than that of Samuel de Cham- 
plain. When, in 1 640, Pere Le Jeune visited a place in the country of the 
Hurons where Champlain had stopped longest in a journey he had made there 
twenty-two years before, he recorded that, 

sa reputation vit encore dans I'esprit de ces peuples barbares, qui honorent 
mesme apres tant d'annees plusieurs belles vertus qu'ils admiroient en luy, et 
particulierement sa chastete et continence envers les femmes. 



36 State of New York 



(his reputation still lives in the minds of these barbarous peoples, who honor, even 
after so many years, many excellent virtues which they admired in him, and in par- 
ticular his chastity and continence with respect to the women). 
And the good Le Jeune exclaims: 

Pleust a Dieu que tous les Francois qui les premiers sont venus en ces 
contrees lui eussent este semblables. (Jesuit Relations, Vol. XX, p. 18.) 

(Would to God that all the French who came first to this country had been 
like unto him.) 

In 1599, several years before coming to Canada, Champlain visited the Isthmus 
of Panama, and noted that if a canal were cut across it one could pass from one 
ocean to the other, thus shortening the distance from Spain to Peru by more than 
fifteen hundred leagues. And as this Frenchman was the first * to lay that project 
of the Panama Canal before the world, so another great Frenchman, de Lesseps, 
was the first to put the idea into practical application; and after proving that its 
accomplishment was only possible if undertaken by a Government, to hand it over 
to the traditional friend of France, — its successor in the ownership of the great 
territory of Louisiana — to complete the divorcement of the continent, which, as 
Champlain wrote, would divide America into two islands: one from Panama to 
the Straits of Magellan, and the other from Panama to the new lands (Terres 
Noeufves). 

In 1 878 we celebrated the centennial anniversary of the Treaty of Alliance, 
and the Treaty of Amity and Commerce, with France. 

In 1 903 we celebrated the centennial anniversary of the Treaty of Cession of 
Louisiana. 

In I 904 we concluded the purchase from the French Panama Canal Company 
of its interests in the Isthmian Canal. 

In 1 909 we celebrated the three hundredth anniversary of the discovery by 
Champlain of the great lake with which his name is forever linked. 

To-night, in the name and on behalf of the President of the United States, I 
welcome the Embassy from the French people that brings to the American people 
a token of the perpetual friendship which an indissoluble union in the past makes 
sure of continuance in the future. 

* It will be recalled that the Portuguese navigator, Antonio Galvao, as early as 1 528, proposed to 
Charles V, that interoceanic communication be opened across the Isthmus of Panama and that in 1550, he 
Is said lo have published a book to demonstrate that such a canal could be constructed at Tehuantepec 
Nicaragua, Panama or Darien. In 1551 Francisco Lopez de Gomara urged Philip li of Spain to proceed 
with the undertaking without delay. (See Francisco Lopez de Gomara Hist. Gen'l. Lib. 4. Cap. 14, 
Laiousse Encyclopaedic Dictionary. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1 Ith Edition, vol. rx., pp. 666-667.) 



The Champlain Tercentenary 37 



No more distinguished or representative Embassy has ever come bearing the 
greetings of one people to another. Glancing over the names of those that com- 
prise it, one sees those of the most distinguished exponents of all that is best in 
French national life. History, Literature, Art, Journalism; the cause of Inter- 
national Peace, and Arms, which ensure its continuance; Industry, Commerce 
and Sport — all these are represented. To one and all of you, America extends 
a welcome. And in the name, and on behalf, of the President of the United 
States I accept this bronze relief of France, which will be erected on the light- 
house at Crown Point, as a perpetual reminder of the goodwill of that people 
who are united with us by the memory of many evidences of disinterested friend- 
ship in the past and of a common devotion to Republican principles in the present. 
(Applause.) 

President Finley then introduced Ambassador Jusserand as follows: 

We welcome the special embassies that come from time to time, but 
that is partly because of our affection and admiration for the permanent 
Ambassador from the Republic of France. It was rumored a few days 
ago that he was to be promoted to another court. Of course, in our 
opinion transfer to another court is not a promotion. But in any event, 
we are sure of this: that court is the most fortunate to whose sovereign 
he is accredited. I propose the health of the sovereign who has accred- 
ited him to us, the President of the French Republic. 

Address of Ambassador Jusserand 

I have been accredited to the United States almost ten years, and although this 
beats the record of any of my predecessors, from the founding of this Republic, 
this space of time, spent in such a friendly country, among a people that has never 
allowed me to feel that I was not in my own land, has passed for me like a day. 
What has just been said by our Chairman, an historian, a thinker, a man of action, 
a scientist who has delighted the French of to-day by his studies of the French of 
the past, showing to both a similar broad sympathy, touches me deeply. I cannot 
imagine with the sound of his words in my ears, what amount of time would ever 
seem long to me, in a post where the President of the French Republic and his 
representative are spoken of in such a fashion by such a friend. 

It was my privilege, three years ago, to attend, in the society of the President 
of the United States, memorable ceremonies, lasting several days, held by the 



38 State of New York 



Sons of America in honor of a son of France, Samuel Champlain. The year 
was a busy one for President Taft, since it was a tariff year, yet he did not hesitate 
to lend his presence to festivities for which, in every bay, on every promontory, in 
every city, his eloquence, good humor and good grace were in ceaseless request. 
He had been advised that one speech would be expected of him, and I had received 
the same notification; so we had each prepared one, but he had to deliver six and 
I five; Ambassador Bryce had a similar fate, such being the way of the world, 
and especially of the New World. 

Many of you, I am sure, remember the grandeur of the ceremonies to which a 
peerless landscape lent its lovely background, and the summer sun its splendor, 
and the Champlain Commission the charms of a most gracious hospitality ; the 
visits to Ticonderoga just rising from its ruins, to Bluff Point, Plattsburgh, Bur- 
lington; the excellent addresses of President Taft, of Ambassador Bryce, Senator 
Root, Mr. Lemieux of Canada and so many others, and you remember too with 
what alacrity New York and Vermont vied with each other. Governor Hughes 
and Governor Prouty making everybody welcome and delighting innumerable 
hearers with the wit and wisdom of their speeches. 

But this was not enough, and with that warmth of heart so characteristic of 
this nation, you have desired that permanent memorials should, to the end of time, 
bear testimony to the gratitude due to Champlain, not only for the discoveries 
he made, but also for the examples he left us. When this intention became known 
to my compatriots, it profoundly touched them, and they begged permission to 
take part in these homages, thus evidencing once more, the unity of feeling between 
the two Republics east and west of the great Ocean. Hence the coming to these 
shores of the Delegation headed by Mr. Hanotaux which you are welcoming 
to-night, a representative one, where the French Academy, the French Parliament, 
the French Army, French art, science, industry, commerce, press and, let us not 
forget that Franco-American art, aviation, have their spokesmen. 

The news of your intentions moved the more deeply the hearts of my com- 
patriots that, after a long interruption, the task of Champlain, that task so well 
described by our Chairman of to-night. President Finley, in his Sorbonne lectures, 
has been resumed in the same spirit by our Republic of to-day. 

" The French," wrote in the sixteenth century the great Italian poet Tasso, " are 
by nature unable to stand still and do nothing. When they cease to be in action, 
they wither like the mechanism of a clock that gets rusty if not in use." We have 
been in no danger in these latter years, of rusting. If, on several continents, success 
has attended our efforts, it is because we took our inspiration from the precepts 
and examples left by the far-off ancestors, Champlain and his peers. Justice, 
friendliness, a desire to help and improve, must ever be among the chief articles 



The Champlain Tercentenary 39 



of the colonist's creed. The one sense to which throughout the world, even the 
lowest type of humanity responds, is the sense of Justice. 

Such was the opinion of your leaders too, of Washington above all others, who 
WTote to Lafayette: " The basis of our proceedings with the Indian nations has 
been and shall be Justice." And, at this day, in the distant Philippine Islands, 
where schools have so much multiphed and President Taft has left, as a Governor, 
such noteworthy examples, this rule is known to be your rule. 

As for our own men they felt in the same way, that the contact v«th the white 
man ought to be a blessing, not a bane, to the less advanced races. Champlain, 
Joliet, La Salle were of one mind and opposed to the best of their ability the 
«ale of " fire-water " to the natives; juid a similar principle continues in force to-day 
in your Indian reservations. As to the development of the country by slave labor 
or by that of hired servants, Charlevoix wrote those memorable words: " I should 
prefer the last. When the time of their service is expired, they become inhabitants 
and increase the number of the King's natural subjects, whereas the first are always 
strangers: and who can be assured that, by continually increasing in our colonies, 
they will not one day become formidable enemies? Can we depend upon slaves 
who are only attached to us by fear and for whom the very land where they are 
bom has not the dear name of Mother-country?" 

In this, as is so often the case, interest and virtue combine: both give the colonist 
the same advice; which, as mankind progresses, it will be more and more dan- 
gerous to discard. The measure of success we have reached is, I hope, founded 
on no less stable a basis. What this success has been and whether we are or not 
worthy compatriots of Champlain, let those determine who have recently visited 
our colonial empire; and I for one would gladly abide by the judgment of such 
American travelers as Edgar Allen Forbes, in his Land of the White Helmet. 

By this delegation an image is brought to you, the image of France. More 
than once before, under one form or another, when the struggle was for inde- 
pendence or for greatness, it appeared on these shores, and was a good omen. 
The exchange of tokens of friendship between two nations with so much in common 
in the past, so much in the future, with their similar aims, has been ceaseless. Be 
assured that our hearts beat in unison with yours, and will ever remember with 
gratitude what is now being done to honor a son of France by the states of New 
York and Vermont, and by that generous, hospitable, tireless committee, the 
Champlain Committee. 

The ancients used to place amulets as harbingers of good luck in the founda- 
tions of their great buildings. The figure of France to be placed on the base of 
the Champlain monument is being offered to you, not merely as a thing of beauty, 
but also as an amulet to bring luck to a nation whom we have never ceased to love. 
(Applause.) 



40 State of New York 

In presenting the next speaker. President Finley said : 

A few weeks ago I was in great peril of losing my life by falling off 
the western boundary of the State of New York into the Niagara river. 
I was trying to follow the path of the Frenchmen who carried from Lake 
Ontario to a point several miles above the Falls, the equipment for the 
first sailing vessel to navigate the waters of the Upper Lakes. While I 
was climbing to a narrow ledge of rock covered with ice, a hundred feet 
above the river, I appreciated as never before the hardihood of the 
French explorers and the dearness of the soil of New York to me. I 
have a particular satisfaction in being able to stand here to-night and to 
introduce to you the Acting Governor of this Empire State, Governor 
Conway. 

Address of Lieutenant-Governor Thomas F. Conway 

TTie discovery of Lake Champlain, the tercentenary of which we celebrate, 
was an event of transcendent importance. Viewed from the standpoint of scenic 
grandeur, this magnificent body of water with its setting of mountains, valleys and 
islands, presents a picture of unrivaled beauty and sublimity unsurpassed upon the 
face of the earth. Viewed from the standpoint of history, the Champlain Valley 
was, from the time of its discovery until the close of the Revolution, the scene of 
events of world-wide interest; events that have had an important bearing upon the 
history of modern times. It was upon its shores the first battle between Champlain 
and the Iroquois was fought and, according to the most authentic evidence, at this 
identical spot that the plaque " La France " is to be placed. It was also upon its 
shores, near Ticonderoga, that the intrepid Montcalm defeated Lord Aber- 
cromby and, for the time, stayed the aggression of the English in their efforts to 
control the destinies of the Western world. It was upon its waters the first naval 
battle of the Revolution was fought, at Valcour, between Benedict Arnold, com- 
manding the American fleet, and Sir Guy Carleton, commanding the British 
squadron. It was also upon its waters, in Plattsburgh Bay, that the last naval 
battle of the war of 1812 took place between the American fleet commanded by 
the brave Commodore Macdonough, and the British by the equally intrepid com- 
mander, Downie — a battle which is now considered one of the decisive battles 
of the world. 

Its discovery, therefore, and the events surrounding and following it richly 
merited its tercentenary celebration and this, its culminating and crovk^ning feature. 



The Champlain Tercentenary 41 



Indeed, this celebration in itself is an event of striking significance. It stamps 
indelibly upon the life and work of Samuel Champlain the world's verdict. It 
attests its judgment of their nobility and value and vindicates the judgment of his 
contemporaries in conferring high honor and commendation upon him. 

It demonstrates in a most impressive manner the fact that nobility of character 
and unselfish devotion to ideals and purposes which lead upward and onward in 
human progress, constitute the true path to immortality of fame. Actuated by a 
desire to bring to the New World a knowledge of the faith, the philosophy and 
the civilization of his native land, more than by motives of conquest, or to extend 
its territorial dominion, he exemplified in his conduct the distinguishing traits of 
the colonial policy of his nation, which then and ever since has been characterized 
by a desire to confer benefits upon new subjects while acquiring dominion without 
bloodshed or destruction; its recognition of the right of every people to give expres- 
sion to their ideals, their genius and their national aspirations in laws and institu- 
tions established by themselves. 

The influence of his example and the effect of his work have been profound 
and abiding. 

The first white man to set foot within the borders of what has become the 
Empire State of the Union, he doubtless was fired with the ambition to make it 
a part of New France. He found it peopled by the most powerful native tribes 
inhabiting the New World. 

The Five Nations, represented in the Long House of the Iroquois, dominated 
the region, and were, and had been for more than a century thoroughly 
organized for defense and aggression. Its confederation evinced political genius 
of a high order. In their warfare with the Algonquians of the St. Lawrence Valley, 
and other native tribes, they had made the beautiful Champlain an almost constant 
scene of conflict and carnage; so much so that its fertile valleys and beautiful shores 
ceased to be inhabited, except as the various warrior bands camped upon them 
temporarily in their expeditions of plunder and destruction. 

Later, in the prolonged struggles of the two greatest nations of the time, France 
and England, to establish their authority and enforce their respective civilizations 
upon the New World, the alliance of the Long House of the Iroquois with the 
English forces determined the conflict in their favor and thus ended the effort 
inaugurated by Champlain to establish the dominion of France over a large ter- 
ritory of which he was the discoverer. 

While, as a result, the civic policy of the country was thereafter dominated by 
British power and influence down to the time of the Revolution, nevertheless, the 
memory of the valor and the heroism of explorers like Champlain and of mission- 
aries like Marquette, La Salle, and their co-workers, left their enduring impress 



42 State of New York 



for good, not only upon the civilization of our State, but upon that of our whole 
country. 

For all this we owe a debt of gratitude to France, hardly less than the debt 
we owe it for its unselfish and priceless assistance in our struggle for independence. 

In the three hundred years since the discovery of the lake and region identified 
with the name of Champlain, the world has witnessed a greater advance in intel- 
ligence, in human progress, in the principle of liberty and in the recognition and 
protection by govc-nmenls of the rights of the ordinary man, than in any similar 
period in recorded history. 

To the intelligent observer it is evident that this advance is to-day progressing 
wnth undiminished force on the basis of individual freedom, individual responsibility 
and self-imposed restraint, which constitute the inspiration, the steadying force and 
the vitalizing principle of true progress. 

Proof of all this confronts us in every land to-day; but, as convincing and 
pertinent evidence on this occasion, reference need only be made to progress in 
the region with which the name and fame of Samuel Champlain are imperishably 
associated. 

I am glad that our distinguished guests from France are to visit that region and 
especially the beautiful lake bearing his name, and contrast existing conditions 
with the earlier scenes of savage warfare and bloodshed there enacted by the natives 
prior to Champlain's advent, and subsequently, during the struggle for supremacy 
between the two great contending nations of that day. 

We would have you see the peaceful and tranquil aspect of that beautiful lake 
now with its bosom dotted with splendid steaimers, the instrumentalities of pleasure 
and commerce; the well equipped railroads skirting its shores, required and main- 
tained by the enterprise and business activities there existing; the prosperous cities, 
the thriving villages, the well-kept and productive farms; the contented and happy 
homes ; the schools, the churches, the hospitals, the charitable organizations ; in short, 
every institution in which a most advanced civilization finds its best expression and 
through which it performs its best and most elevating service for mankind. 

It will enable you to better understand and appreciate the depth of our grati- 
tude to your great countryman and the meaning we attach to this celebration com- 
memorating his achievements. 

On behalf of the state of New York and its upwards of nine millions of 
inhabitants, for whom I have the privilege and honor to speak on this occasion, 
I extend to our distinguished guests from France a most cordial and heartfelt 
welcome. 

And, if I may be permitted to anticipate a little, I will convey to them in 




B\ c nirtesy of Sli(>v"^r, Montpelier, Vt, 

GOVERNOR JOHN A. MEAD 
Chairman of tlie Vermont Commission 



The Champlain Tercentenary 43 

advance and, through them, to their country, the appreciation and gratitude of 
our state and its people for the gift they bring and the honor they do us. It is the 
conception of a great artist, admirably typifying the ideals and aspirations of a 
great nation. I beg to assure you, our honored guests, that we will ever treasure 
it as an expression of the good will and friendship of our sister republic — France 
— placing the seal of its approval and appreciation on this celebration honoring 
the achievements of Samuel Champlain. 

In closing, permit me to say that the recollection of your visit to our state and 
the motives that inspired it will ever be associated with the gift of your country, 
lending to it an element of personal interest as pleasing as it will be permanent 
in the minds and hearts of all who may have the privilege of meeting you during 
your visit. (Applause.) 

In alluding to the Governor of Vermont, President Finley remarked: 

The Governor of Vermont, with rare forbearance, wishes to be excused 
from speaking. But as Jacques Cartier, nearly a century before the 
Pilgrims landed at Plymouth, saw, first of Europeans, the peaks of 
the Green mountains, so I wish you, from the land of the pilot of 
St. Malo, to see the topmost peak in Vermont to-day, its Governor, the 
Hon. John A. Mead. 

Governor Mead stood and bowed to the audience. (Applause.) 

The Toastmaster then introduced Mayor William J. Gaynor of New 
York City. 

When in the most beautiful and largest city in the southwest of France 
a year ago (Bordeaux), I learned, to my surprise, that the great philoso- 
pher and essayist, Montaigne, had been its mayor. And it is possible 
that generations hence the distinction of Mr. Gaynor as Mayor may be 
surpassed even by his fame as a philosopher. Certainly no man in public 
life to-day is writing in his every day letters with such pungency and 
appeal on some of the problems of life, which continue to disturb 
mankind. 

Address of Mayor William J. Gaynor 

I am sure, said the Mayor, I am quite wnlling to say nothing and to write another 
letter. (Laughter and applause.) This is the third time I have greeted the dele- 



44 State of New York 

gation from France. Once was at the City Hall and the other linae was at a 
luncheon at the Metropolitan Club. And I am very anxious to hear M. Hanotaux. 
The coming of these gentlemen will cause us to think a great deal about what we 
owe to France and to the French people. 

You women, the Mayor added, with his eyes twinkling, might well consider the 
economy of the woman of France. She knows her market prices and she goes to 
market. (Laughter and applause.) I think if some of you will follow her example 
the cost of living will begin to come down right away. (Laughter.) 

There never was a time, I believe, when in the hearts of the American people 
there was any danger of forgetting what we owe to France. (Applause.) 

President Finley then presented the French delegation as follows: 

And now, ladies and gentlemen, how shall I characterize to you the 
men who constitute this notable delegation? I wish I were able to do 
so in my own tongue as did Baron d'Estournelles de Constant so elo- 
quently a few days ago in an acquired tongue, — to tell you how this 
great historian and statesman, Hanotaux, has, with an art which only a 
Greek or a Frenchman could command, gathered into this company men 
representing every high interest of France to carry this symbol of inter- 
national good will to our Republic and affix it to our monument, in 
eternal memory of their countryman. 

Two members of the French Academy, M. Rene Bazin and M. 
Lamy; a foremost representative of the art of France, M. Cormon; two 
members of Parliament, one already our well-beloved friend, Senateur 
Baron d'Estournelles de Constant, and M. Louis Barthou; the great 
geographer, Vidal de la Blache; General Lebon; the riders of the sea 
and the riders of the air; and then, the representatives of two great fami- 
lies who have been especially distinguished in America's service. What 
art of selection ! I must, however, he content simply to name to you the 
speakers already so well introduced to you. I present first, M. Gabriel 
Hanotaux. 

M. Hanotaux responded in French, but he supplied the following 
English version of his address. 



The Champlain Tercentenary 45 



Address of His Excellency, Albert Auguste Gabriel Hanotaux 

Gentlemen. — The French Delegation you have so cordially welcomed is 
fully aware that this is the most important stage of its journey. For, albeit we are 
going to Lake Champlain to personally place in the hands of the architects of the 
monument, the bust of " La France " which is to be fixed there as a seal of friend- 
ship and gratitude, it is here that we make the formal presentation to the Com- 
missions and, through them, to the world of friends which France has in the United 
States. 

Here in New York, in this Empire City, where so much of past effort and 
present energy are concentrated, where five millions of human hearts beat in unison 
for the greater glory and ultimate triumph of humanity, we have met with a 
touching, affectionate and splendid reception which speaks to us of the warm-heart- 
edness of the Great American Republic. 

From the moment we placed foot upon this soil we have been captivated and 
carried away by such a whirlwind of cordiality and good-fellowship that we scarce 
have had time to recover ourselves. First of all the American branches of the 
Comite France-Amerique were there to receive us, and, at once, we recognized 
within their ranks the eminent men who by reason of their origin, their connections 
or their particularly elegant culture have linked themselves of their own accord 
with our beloved France. Nothing could have touched us more than this first 
reception. France, France itself before us, beyond the mighty ocean we had just 
crossed under such thrilling conditions on the morrow of an awful disaster. On 
the other hand, and you, gentlemen, will not, I trust, forget it, the first vessel which 
came to you, after so dire a catastrophe, bearing words of comfort and hope was 
named " France." 

Our welcome, already so touching, grew apace. Our eminent ambassador to 
the United States, Monsieur Jusserand, who has given so much of his time and 
taken so much trouble, to organize this mission, which he himself conceived, 
informed Mr. Taft, the President of the United States, of our desire to present 
to him the respectful homage of the delegation. 

The President, despite his overwhelming occupations, received us at his table; 
in the very kindest manner he honored, in our persons, the thought which has 
brought us here. He was so kind as to give us personally, in connection with our 
visit, assurances of his encouragement and approval ; which have been for us an 
ample reward. These countless acts of friendship of all kinds we have looked 
upon — and rightly so — as being addressed to our beloved Mother-Country and 
to the Government of the French Republic, which has so splendidly encouraged 
and aided us in the accomplishment of our mission. 



46 State of New York 



Travelling through a part of the American continent on our way to Washington, 
we were able to admire the ever-increasing progress and masterful civilization of 
your Republic. We left the city of five million souls, so concentrated in its 
immensity that in a manner it rises skyward upon itself; we passed through an 
admirable country, looking, at this season of the year, like some great garden 
dotted with cottages and shrubs and trees; we crossed majestic rivers which 
evoked the finest pages of Chateaubriand, the protagonist of the French WTiters 
of America; the steel cars carried us with prodigious speed through long tunnels 
and over iron bridges which groaned beneath the onrushing train ; we barely caught 
sight of Philadelphia, the City of Brotherly Love, for a space at once the citadel 
and the keystone of American liberty; and we were in another city, a city beau- 
tiful, a city verdant, whose noble proportions are worthy of the great nation of 
which it is the capital, a city planned, we are proud to recall, by an officer of 
the French army: Major L'Enfant. We were taken to Mount Vernon and there 
we were thrilled by a greater sight than any we had yet seen: the shrine where 
you cherish in the most impressive simplicity the memory of the Man whose life 
was naught else than the constant blending of greatness and simplicity. 

And, gentlemen, when on our return here we think of all this greatness, of 
the endless and unceasing activity, of these wonders heaped upon wonders, when 
we think of the hundred million human beings living in the United States, earning 
their substance here, finding here their work, their pleasures, their luxuries and 
their ideal ; loving this land they themselves have created, which belongs to them 
and to which they belong, proud of an admirable past, confident in a future which 
gives promise of even greater things, how could our imagination fail to go back 
to the men who were the first pioneers in this country, to the men who dared its 
perils and wrested from it its secrets when there were no other European inhabitants. 

The accounts of their travels depict them to us, with all their daring, with all 
their perseverance, their hardships and sufferings and sacrifices; but finally with 
their slow and hard-won victories over Nature and Fate. 

We know that the first among them, fired by the discovery of mines in South 
America, especially in Peru, sought only gold. Gold there was in very truth, but 
not where they were looking for it. What a prodigious misunderstanding the 
mirage of gold caused between this land of plenty and the men who landed here; 
it cannot be exaggerated, and how little it would have been to the honor of the 
human race if, at the same time, there had not been another and entirely different 
mirage born of human determination and intelligence and worthy of the highest 
aspirations of Man. It is an historical fact that while the conquistadores were 
seeking gold and only gold, other explorers, the advance guard of science, the 



The Champlain Tercentenary 47 



conquistadores of the ideal, were sacrificing themselves to a worthier aim: the 
finding of the northwest passage which around North America was to lead them 
to China and India. The ones were only discovering new lands that they might 
mine and impoverish them, the others that they might better know and develop them! 

Both mirages, and illusions on both sides; but in the end practical results; so 
true is it that the dream of the impossible is at times the most active instrument of 
immediate and useful achievement. 

The practical results we have before our eyes; and they came about through 
the efforts of a third set of explorers whom I will now attempt to recall because 
one of the most characteristic among them was our illustrious fellow-Frenchman 
whose memory we are gathered here to honor, Samuel Champlain. 

Landing on this new continent, these men were immediately struck by one thing: 
to how great a degree it resembled the European countries which had given them 
birth. I want to lay stress upon this point for, to their observant eyes, it was at 
once a revelation and a surprise. They had to make an effort — can you believe 
it — to convince themselves that they were not falling upon an imaginary and 
legendary land, a land of fabulous dreams, a land of the Arabian Nights. Every- 
thing here was like their homes and, it is literally true, they could not believe their 
own eyes. 

For you must not forget that the first accounts published about the new world 
had described it as prodigious, fantastic and out of proportion to anything ever 
before known. These legends were believed by the credulity of the Middle-Ages, 
from which we were only just emerging, they were strengthened by the tales so 
blithely told by travellers for, as the old saying has it, " falsehood is easy to one 
who comes from afar." But above all, these legends had been sunk into the 
rainds of men by the startling facts of the early discoveries. In the heavens 

des etoiles nouvelles 

a wonderful light, the torrid climes of Central America, Nature so powerful as to 
be actually deadly, the impenetrable forests, the strange vegetation, the prodigious 
wndth of the rivers rolling to the sea, everything combined, but above all Gold, 
Gold everywhere, Gold in the daily life of all. Gold in the temples. Gold on the 
ground. Gold in the bowels of the earth. Gold seen and Gold unseen, that is what 
exalted their overwrought imaginations to madness. It was impossible to admit 
that this land could be a land like other lands. So that it needed extraordinary 
common sense (if these two words may be used together), it needed an almost 
miraculous self-control in these pioneers, in this third set of explorers of which I 
am speaking, to forsake their preconceived notions and get down to earth again 
and see that this land was after all a land just like other lands, like the lands from 



48 State of New York 



which they had sprung, loamy and fertile and fruitful, where the trees were like 
European trees, with clusters of vines hanging from the branches; where wheat 
grew naturally; where the fish of the rivers and sea were the same fish that they 
had at home, a land where the cattle of the Mother-country waxed fat, and where 
at the accustomed seasons the welcome sward stretched its mantle of green bedecked 
with flowers to the very threshold of the abodes of man; where in the fall the 
countryside was crowned with Gold ; where the rule of life was the normal and 
accustomed rule. Gold was lacking, at least the Gold so greedily sought, but on 
the other hand in the soil and on the soil Gold there was in very truth and in 
untold abundance, the Gold of natural wealth — a civilizing, not a destructive 
Gold. I mean the Gold of labor, the Gold of human brawn, the Gold of intellect, 
the Gold of inspiration, the Gold which is forever being created by the mind and 
will of Man ; but which was only to open up its ideal mine of surpassing wealth 
after centuries of sacrifice, of labor, of tenacity, and in exchange for an immense 
toll of energy. 

These new conquistadores, the conquistadores of labor, who set their sails not 
for the land of dreams, but for the land of the Things-As-They-Are, were the 
real founders of the mighty civilization which surrounds us, and once again, in the 
very forefront of their ranks, stands our great fellow-countryman Samuel Champlain. 

It was not that these men were lacking in imagination, for imagination is the creative 
faculty in Man, and especially so in the statesman. To do things is to see ahead. 
He had indeed a wonderful imagination, a genius for foresight which was uncanny, 
this extraordinary man who foretold the future of America, who pointed out the 
location of the Panama Canal, who sketched the development of the great Republic 
of the United States, who fixed the sites of Boston, Montreal, Quebec and so 
many other great and prosperous cities. His imagination was active, yes, but his 
activities were always devoted to useful achievement and love of justice. 

He was the first to see that any colony on the American continent would have 
to be self-supporting, those are his own words. He builded, he planted, he sowed 
crops, he raised stockades and laid out roads, as a man relying solely upon himself. 
Having shattered the flimsy phantasy of fabulous Gold he quite simply became a 
farmer, a soldier, an engineer; and, when upon this land he laid the corner-stone 
of the first building, he laid at the same time the foundation of a new civilization 
and created an empire. Once again the nobility of labor had saved the world 
from the idle vanity of dreams. 

Labor! — There is the true basis of American civilization, as founded by those 
pioneers who understood, such was their common sense, the great things that could 
be done in the land where they had come to stay. — Labor, the Father of Liberty, 



The Champlain Tercentenary 49 



the Father of Independence, the Father of Equality and of Justice; in a word the 
only solid basis of Society. 

This, then, is the characteristic — henceforth unchangeable — of your American 
civilization. Everybody works, and there is work for every one and for all, but 
there is no room for the idle. The ceaseless activity of your lives shows it. The 
physical and mental strain to which the richest as well as the poorest of your 
citizens voluntarily subject themselves proves it. A glance at your way of living 
shows that you have remained faithful to the principle of your founders. The 
intense activity we have witnessed during our short trip through your country, and 
which we find at its highest pitch in this Empire City of New York, what is it 
but a complete devotion to the duty imposed upon man by the opening words of 
the Book of Books: " Thou shall earn thy bread by the sweat of thy brow." 
Hence your incomparable greatness. 

Blessed be Labor, gentlemen. Go on setting the example of labor to the world. 
It is not Gold that counts; it is the constant and never ceasing employment of all 
the faculties of Man. You have already accomplished a prodigious work, — your 
future achievements will be even more extraordinary. No one can say what the 
future of this continent will be when the Isthmus of Panama is cut in twain, when 
the waters of the two oceans shall be joined and the coasts of the two Americas 
brought together as the leaves of a closing book. It is a new source of wealth, it 
is a new field of activity and a still wider field of authority and responsibility. 
Between Asia and Europe your Republic certainly stands as the dividing line of 
the world. You are at the fulcrum of the scale. The balance of the world's 
power will in future rest with you. 

But now, at this very time, other problems confront you, and, first of all, lei 
us face it frankly, the probler* of the government of the great democracies by 
themselves. 

All this stirs you, occupies your thoughts, and arouses your passions. All this 
moves, deeply, those who come to visit you. To use the words of the poet of old, 
TTiey see clearly that in you is being born something greater than an Iliad: 
"AUquod majus nascitur IliaJe." 

In these troublous times, gentlemen, remain true to the law of labor, to the law 
of those who first planned and laid out your future life. Look back upon those 
pioneers who, face to face with the early difficulties, foreseeing the growth that 
was to come and how complex it was to be, bequeathed to you, in order that you 
might carry out the work, a single and a simple law: the law of labor. 

Your commemoration of Champlain, to take our modest part in which we have 



50 State of New York 



crossed the ocean, proves how faithful and devoted you are to the memory of the 
founders. 

Courage, Labor, Justice, Faith in the Ideal, such the reasons for these useful 
lives. We are proud that among them one of the most glorious was that of our 
fellow-countryman — Champlain. We thank you for cherishing his memory. 

And it is to show that France herself joins in these sentiments that we are come 
here, in such numbers, to bring you for the Champlain monument, erected by the 
States of New York and Vermont, a bust born of the genius of our illustrious 
fellow countryman Rodin, an image of that which we hold most dear: France. 

In the mighty structure of American civilization there is something of France 
— allow us to believe gentlemen that you will not forget it — and on the monu- 
ment you are erecting this image will remain forever sealed to recall and symbolize 
that fact. This image we give to you as Champlain, our fellow countryman, gave 
the best of his life to this land of yours. We give it to the United States, we give 
it to the States of New York and Vermont, the builders of the lighthouse rising 
upon the shores of the lake which bears Champlain's name; we give it to these 
Commissions which have so graciously invited us here; we give it to all the friends 
of France in America. 

I raise my glass, gentlemen, to the Lake Champlain Association and the Ter- 
centenary Commissions, and I drink to the imperishable and brotherly union of 
our two countries: France and America. (Long applause.) 

President Finley then presented M. Louis Barthou, who was not on 
the programme, but who made a most favorable impression on all who 
had the good fortune to meet him and listen to his charming eloquence. 
His glowing and felicitous tribute was listened to with rapt attention. 
Unfortunately his address was not reported and no copy has been 
obtainable, much to the regret of all who have known him and his promi- 
nent position in the affairs of the French Republic. At one time he was 
the Minister of Justice in the Cabinet and is a noted lawyer as well as 
one of the leading parliamentarians of the Chamber of Deputies. 

President Finley then introduced Baron d'Estournelles de Constant, 
who spoke in English in his usual felicitous manner in appreciation of the 
reception tendered to the delegation from France and the hospitality 
accorded to them in the various American cities which they had visited. 
The Baron is well known in America, where he has advocated Inter- 



The Champlain Tercentenary 51 

national Peace, and spoke in terms of affection of his friends in America 
and what they were doing to promote International Peace. It is a matter 
of regret that his speech was not reported in full so that it could be 
included in this Final Report. 

President Finley then introduced Senator Henry W. Hill, the Secre- 
tary of the New York Lake Champlain Tercentenary Commission, who 
on behalf of the two Commissions received the gift of the people of 
France and expressed the cordial feelings of appreciation with which the 
beautiful and appropriate bust is received in the following address: 

Address of Senator Henry W. Hill 

Ambassador JusseranJ, Your Excellency Albert Augusie Gabriel Hanolaux, and 
other Members of the Delegation from France, and Gentlemen of the New York 
and Vermont Tercentenary Commissions, and of the Neiv York Champlain Asso- 
ciation: This is a fitting postlude to the Bi-State programme of International Ter- 
centenary exercises in commemoration of the discovery of one of the most charming 
lakes in America by the brave and highminded Samuel Champlain, who believed 
that " the salvation of one soul is of more value than the conquest of an enemy." 
The light of civilization impersonated in his entrance into the Champlain valley and 
thus first gleaming through the darkness of savagery is to be symbolized in a 
memorial lighthouse erected by the states of New York and Vermont on property 
of the United States Government at Crown Point Forts, that location being for 
150 years one of the strategic points of the French possessions in America, and the 
life work of the discoverer is to be further perpetuated by an heroic size statue by 
the New York sculptor, Carl Augustus Heber, at Plattsburgh. The people of the 
two States in grateful appreciation of the life, services and high moral character 
of the discoverer of the lake which bears his name, and who was the first white 
man to set foot on the soil of New York and Vermont, eleven years before the 
Pilgrims entered Plymouth Bay, and two months before Henry Hudson dis- 
covered the river bearing his name, flowing into this beautiful harbor of New York, 
conceived and carried forward the Champlain Tercentenary Celebration of 1909, 
which has awakened deep interest in the principles and common purposes of two 
Republics, and done much to strengthen the friendship between them, that prompted 
France to shed across the seas its kindly and beneficent influence upon this Republic 
in its infancy. In the conduct of that Tercentenary now considered as one of the 
most noted American commemorative celebrations, the Republic of France repre- 



52 State of New York 



sented by its gifted and eloquent patriot and scholar. Ambassador Jusserand, the 
Kingdom of Great Britain by its distinguished Ambassador Right Honorable James 
Bryce, the Dominion of Canada by its noted Postmaster General Lemieux, the 
Province of Quebec by its gifted Premier Sir Lomer Gouin, the Empire of Japan 
by its Vice-Admiral, Uriu, and the United States by its President and Secretary 
of War, and some members of its Senate and House of Representatives, and rep- 
resentatives of the Army and Navy, participated with the States of New York and 
Vermont, and thus gave it an international character, worthy the important events 
which it was designed to commeraorate. 

You would be likely to form a more adequate conception of the magnitude of 
the Tercentenary Celebration, if you were to picture the Champlain valley, one 
hundred miles in length, and twenty-five miles in width, with the lake, as stated 
by Dr. Cady, " a prismed pendant dropped from out the skies," interspersed with 
beautiful islands, and buttressed by prominent headlands, as an arena with over- 
towering mountains on either side, forming a background of superb natural beauty 
and suggesting ideals of the true and sublime in nature and a sky of Italian beauty 
vaulting a lake of crystal waters, where five great scenes were presented to throng- 
ing thousands of interested spectators — one at Crown Point which projects into 
the lake so far as nearly to sever it into two sections, where was erected at vast 
expenditure of money, in 1731, by the French, Fort Frederic, in honor of the 
French Secretary of Foreign Affairs, Frederic Maurepas, under the supervision of 
the Marquis de Beauharnois, Governor-General of Canada, and later were also 
erected the English forts by the forces under General Amherst, the forts now forming 
a grand ruin; another scene twenty miles distant, on the following day, at 
Ticonderoga, " the Gateway of the Nation," where was built Fort Carillon, in 
1755-6, around which struggled the flower of contending armies of three 
sovereign nations for its control; another scene, sixty miles distant, at Plattsburgh 
Barracks, on a plateau overlooking Valcour Island, where occurred one of 
the chief naval engageraents of the Revolution, the report of which electrified 
the Continental Congress, and also overlooking Plattsburgh Bay, where occurred 
the decisive naval engagement of the War of 1812, in which the American 
fleet under Macdonough defeated and routed the British fleet under Downie; 
and still another scene twenty-five miles distant, on the follovvnng day, in the 
city of Burlington, under the shadow of the university which had been burned 
during the War of 1812, and whose corner-stone was relaid by Marquis de 
Lafayette in 1 825, and where stands a statue erected to his memory, on a sloping 
hillside overlooking Burlington Bay, that beautiful Baiae of our inland sea, and the 
clear waters of the historic lake walled in on the west by the rugged and occasion- 



The Champlain Tercentenary 53 



ally snow-capped peaks of the Adirondacks; and the fifth scene, forty-five miles 
distant, on the following day, at beautiful Isle La Motte, which was the first land 
in the Champlain valley visited by Samuel Champlain, which had been for two 
centuries or more the common meeting place of warring Indian tribes, and which 
became the rendezvous of missionaries, and where in 1 666, was built Fort Ste. 
Anne, and where High Mass was first celebrated in the State of Vermont, and 
where was stationed the Carignan-Salieres Regiment of 600 French veterans. At 
each of these scenes were Indian pageants, moved from place to place on a floating 
island, participated in by 1 50 descendants of the native aboriginal tribes that occu- 
pied the Champlain valley, and enlivened by military and naval forces, with 
formal addresses, speeches and poems, by the President of the United States and 
the distinguished diplomats, orators and poets in attendance, presenting anew the 
story and thrilling events that have transpired in the Champlain valley since its 
discovery three centuries ago. This will afford some conception of the great drama 
of the Champlain Tercentenary Celebration, in which Samuel Champlain, the 
navigator, colonizer and apostle of civilization in that valley. Chevalier sans peuT 
el sans reproche, was the hero and central figure. 

On this occasion we are profoundly touched at the generosity and friendship of 
President Fallieres and the French people, exhibited in the presentation by the dis- 
tinguished delegation who have come from France, of this allegorical bust " La 
France," by Auguste Rodin, and we gratefully accept the same in the name of 
the New York and Vermont Lake Champlain Tercentenary Commissions, in behalf 
of the people of the two states, as well as of the people of the United States, and 
through you. Monsieur Hanotaux, and other members of your delegation from 
France, we tender to President Fallieres and the people of France, who have so 
generously contributed to the purchase and presentation of this beautiful bust, our 
grateful appreciation and acknowledgments. 

TTiis work of art, coming as a voluntary expression of the good will and cordial 
feelings of the French people for Americans who have shown some appreciation of 
the discoveries and services for humanity of one of the most noted French explorers 
among many, who were first to open up the interior of this continent to the onward 
march of civilization, is an imperishable testimonial of that abiding friendship exist- 
ing between the peoples of the two foremost Republics in the world, which have 
done so much for the liberty, equality and fraternity of mankind. When we 
reflect upon the evolution of French institutions from Charlemagne to Fallieres, the 
progress of the French people in the arts and sciences within the last century, and 
the contributions that they have made to these, and to literature and to art. as well 
as to the world's diplomacy and intellectual development, we do not wonder that 



54 State of New York 



the Republic across the sea, which you represent, gentlemen, is aglow with vitality 
and energized by new and expanding ideas, and is forging forward as one of the 
most progressive and powerful nations in the world. Had not the French people 
been open to new ideas, possibly they would not have responded to the appeals of 
Franklin and our other patriots during the Revolution, and the Marquis de Lafay- 
ette, Count de Rochambeau, with his 6,000 soldiers. Count de Grasse, with his 
fleet, and others, would not have crossed the Atlantic to aid the Colonies in their 
struggle for independence. 

Lafayette and others carried back with them something of the inspiration which 
they had derived from their experience in this country and from their contact with 
General Washington and other patriots, and their reports did eomething to arouse 
the National Assembly of France, and the princes and potentates of European 
nations to a realization of the evidences of the Republican movement in America 
as well as in Europe, which culminated in making most of the nations of western 
Europe more democratic and responsive to popular liberties. On the establishment 
of a Republican form of government in France in 1 848, the President of the 
United States transmitted a message to Congress, in which he said: " We can 
never forget that France was our early friend in our eventful Revolution, and 
generously aided us in shaking off a foreign yoke and becoming a free and inde- 
pendent people. We have enjoyed the blessing of our system of well regulated 
self-government for nearly three-fourths of a century, and can properly appreciate 
its value. Our ardent and sincere congratulations are extended to the patriotic 
people of France upon their noble and thus far successful efforts to found for 
their future government liberal institutions similar to our own. It is not doubtful 
that under the benign influence of free institutions the enlightened statesmen of 
Republican France will find it to be for her true interests and permanent glory to 
cultivate with the United States the most liberal principles of international inter- 
course and commercial reciprocity, whereby the happiness and prosperity of both 
nations will be promoted." A fitting response to this was made by the National 
Assembly of France, and there have from that time forth existed cordial relations 
between the two sister Republics. These relations were emphasized in the presenta- 
tion by the French people of the colossal statue " Liberty Enlightening the World," 
by Frederic Auguste Bartholdi, unveiled with elaborate ceremonies on Bedloe's 
Island in New York harbor, on October 28, I 886. When the Rodin allegorical 
bust " La France " is in its permanent home by the Champlain Memorial Light at 
the Crown Point Forts near the head of Lake Champlain, it will be on the high- 
way of travel by water between New York harbor and Lake Champlain, through 
the enlarged and improved Champlain Canal nearing completion, and so be brought 



The Champlain Tercentenary 55 



into communication with the statue of Liberty, and will do something to restore 
the interest of travelers as well as of our French-American citizens, in the history 
of that region, for 150 years under control of the French nation, and within a 
few miles of which at Ticonderoga, Montcalm and others achieved imperishable 
fame, and will be a further lasting expression of the artistic temperament and pro- 
verbial generosity of the French people toward the people of this nation, the 
genius of whose institutions has been more or less reflected in the evolution of 
French institutions during the last century. As an expression of one of your most 
renowned sculptors, it will awaken a deeper interest of the people in that valley 
in art, which has been ideally expressed in this allegorical bust " La France," in a 
way to symbolize the marvelous genius of the French people. 

The members of New York and Vermont Lake Champlain Tercentenary Cx>m- 
missions bid you, gentlemen of the French delegation, a most cordial welcome to 
our shores, and tender to you their deep appreciation of the gift which you bring 
from your people. (Applause.) 



V. FRENCH DELEGATION ENTERTAINED BY THE 
CHAMBER OF COMMERCE OF THE STATE OF 
NEW YORK 

67 



V. FRENCH DELEGATION ENTERTAINED BY THE 
CHAMBER OF COMMERCE OF THE STATE OF 
NEW YORK 

ON May 2d, The Chamber of Commerce of the State of New 
York entertained at luncheon the French delegation in the Hall 

of the Chamber on Liberty street. New York City. Ambassador 
Jusserand and the visiting delegation and other mvited guests were pre- 
sented to President A. Barton Hepburn by Hon. McDougall Hawkes 
and then seated on the dais. TTie flags of the United States and France 
were entwined behind the President's chair. 

In welcoming the distinguished visitors, President A. Barton Hepburn 
said: 

When this country was struggling to win a place in the sisterhood of nations, 
without facilities for manufacturing the necessary means for defense, or money to 
purchase the same, at war with one of the most powerful nations of Europe, 
supplemented by the inspired hostility of the then powerful tribes of surrounding 
Indians, poor in purse, rich only in patriotic resolve to win their freedom, with 
credit shrouded by the gloom of possible, if not probable failure — at (his critical 
juncture France came to our support, with soldiers and ships of war, and rendered 
the greatest aid in winning our independence. 

In addition, France loaned us money. The amount was not large, indeed it 
was small, compared with present day loans or transactions, but the loan was 
made at a time when our continental currency was so depreciated, that it has 
given to our language an expression of worthlessness, — " not worth a continental.' 

It was real, metallic money, and the ring of that money resounded throughout 
the colonies; it strengthened credit and renewed confidence. It was tangible 
evidence that a great nation believed in us — believed in our future. 

At the Battle of Yorktown, which was the crowning victory that assured our 
independence, France furnished thirty-six ships of the line — the colonies none; 
of the land forces engaged, France furnished 7,000 veterans — the colonies 5,500 
regulars and 3,500 militia. The French fleet, under De Grasse, had pre- 
viously defeated the British fleet and driven them from the Chesapeake, thereby 

69 



60 State of New York 



depriving Cornwallis of all hope of reinforcements from New York, and also 
cutting off all hope of escape. 

We won our independence, but in our self-gratulation, let us not forget the 
magnitude of the service, and the extent of our obligation to France. Hostility 
to England, as well as love for America, may have inspired her action, but even 
so, it does not lessen the service rendered to us. 

This powerful alliance kindled anew the fires of patriotism, and roused a country- 
wide feeling of gratitude and love for France, which has ever since continued. 
May this feeling grow in intensity with succeeding years! 

God grant that these two great commercial nations may find prosperity and 
happiness in the paths of peace, and side by side, shoulder to shoulder, may their 
joint influence make for peace and happiness throughout the world. (Applause.) 

I have read that the figure upon the coins of France — a woman sowing — 
symbolizes the idea that France sows while others reap. That is eminently true of 
the United States and eminently true of North America. When we recall that 
Canada, the Ohio territory and Louisiana once belonged to France, and recall how 
relatively small the Spanish province of Florida and the British colonies along the 
Atlantic Coast were, we realize what an empire on this continent, extending from 
the Gulf of St. Lawrence to the Gulf of Mexico, was once the territory of France. 

Her intrepid explorers, her patient priests and devoted missionaries sowed the 
seeds of civilization in this great territory, and the harvest of their labors we are 
reaping year by year. 

The magnificent statue of Liberty, that ornaments and dignifies our harbor — 
the creation of a great French artist and sculptor — Bartholdi — was a gift from 
France. 

Our guests visit this country at the present time to place a bas relief, " La 
France " — the creation of another great French artist and sculptor — Rodin — 
upon a monument erected by the states of New York and Vermont, at Crown 
Point Forts, in memory of the great explorers in this western world, chief among 
whom ranks Champlain. 

Our country was born amid the martial airs and chivalric heroism of the arms 
of France, and consecrated with the blood of her soldiers and sailors, and ever 
since she has given continuing proof of her friendship, both actual and sentimental 
— witness the presence of this distinguished delegation. 

Surely our hearts ought to go out to France, as they do, in reciprocal good- 
will, and our prayers be offered, as they are, for her peace, prosperity and 
happiness. 

It is a pleasure and privilege for the commercial representatives of this state to 



The Champlain Tercentenary 61 



receive and welcome you gentlemen, and I appeal to your kindly imagination to 
conceive the cordial greetings which we all feel, but which my language fails to 
express. (Applause. ) 

President Hepburn then introduced the French Ambassador, J. J. 
Jusserand, who spoke eloquently on the importance of the extension of 
the commercial relations between France and the United States and also 
in appreciation of the hospitality shown in this country to the French 
delegation, comprising distinguished officials and civilians from the 
Republic of France. 

President Hepburn then presented His Excellency, Gabriel Hanotaux 
as follows: 

" He has won fame as a statesman and as a scholar. For 
many years he was Minister of Foreign Affairs in the government of 
France, and in the world of letters has achieved that most enviable dis- 
tinction — a member of the French Academy. I have the pleasure of 
presenting M. Gabriel Hanotaux." 

M. Hanotaux was greeted with loud applause and spoke in French. 

Address of M. Albert Auguste Gabriel Hanotaux 

Monsieur le President: Si je jette les yeux autour de moi, ma pensee et celle 
de la delegation tout entiere se porte vers les energies humaines que vous 
representez autour de nous. C'est la puissance des Etats-Unis d'Amerique, c'est 
cette activite inlassable qui a couvert de ses oeuvres et de ses conquetes un con- 
tinent et la planete entiere se detournant de ses travaux pour nous faire un splendide 
et chaleureux accueil. Cette reunion, ces fleurs, ces drapeaux, tout se reunit pour 
faire sentir a la France combien elle est chere a cette vaillante cite new yorkaise. 
Mais il y quelque chose de plus chaud et de plus precieux dans I'accueil que vous 
nous faites, c'est le mouvement du coeur. Comment vous exprimer notre 
reconnaissance? 

D'ailleurs n'est-ce pas la generosite americaine qui a determine le voyage de la 
Delegation frangaise? 

II y a quelques mois notre eminent ambassadeur. Monsieur Jusserand, qui veille 
avec lant de competence a tout ce qui peut rapprocher les deux pays, nous avail 
signale la prochaine erection sur les bords du lac Champlam d un monument en 



62 State of New York 



I'honneur de notre vaillant compatriote. II pensait avec raison que la France ne 
pouvait rester indifferente a ce beau geste qui en continue tant d'autres analogues. 
Mais comment la France manifesterait-elle sa gratitude, comment participerait-elle 
a cette glorification d'un de ses enfants? 

Seul, un appel au public et un appel a I'art pouvaient avoir une portee suffisante 
pour repondre. Par les soins du comite France-Amerique que nous representons 
ici, les deux manifestations simultanees se sont produites : le public fran?ais a compris 
et a rapidement souscrit les listes en tete desquelles il trouvait le nom venere de 
Monsieur Fallieres, President de la Republique Frangaise. En meme temps I'art 
avait fait son oeuvre, et le sculpteur Rodin avail con?u et execute I'image de la 
" France " que nous avions sollicitee de son genie. 

C'est cette image que nous avons apportee ici pour qu'elle soit scellee au pied 
du monument de Champlain, comme un cachet et un sceau authentiquant une fois 
de plus la fidelite de nos sentiments communs et nos souvenirs. 

Vous avez bien voulu arreter au passage dans cette grande villa la delegation 
qui va porter le bronze au lieu ou il est destine! Vous savez qu'elle appartient 
aux diverses grandes institutions et corporations fran^aises, au Parlement, a I'Aca- 
demie et a I'lnstitut, a I'Armee, a I'Universite, au Conseil d'Etat, a I'lndustrie, au 
Commerce, et qu'elle contient trois membres descendant des families qui ont com- 
battu ou servi a I'epoque de la guerre de I'lndependance, Choiseul, Rochambeau, 
Lafayette, dont nous avons ici le petit-fils, le Comte de Chambrun. Celui-ci a regu, 
en outre, une delegation speciale de M. le President du Conseil, Monsieur Ray- 
mond Poincare, et il le represente personnellement. 

Ainsi, par-dessus les Oceans, une meme pensee nous unit. Les Etats-Unis elevent 
un monument a un Frangais. La France vous envoie, par nous, son tribut de 
gratitude: une fois de plus les deux grandes democraties pensent et agissent a 
I'unisson. 

Je ne veux pas tenter ici un parellele presque impossible entre les deux Republiques. 
I'une vaste, puissante, jeune, pleine d'elan et de grandeur, I'autre plus a I'etroit 
sur son territoire resserre dans la vieille Europe, mais elle aussi, active et toujours 
jeune, eprise d'action, amante de la beaute, apportant a la realisation de son ideal 
la plus noble culture peut-etre qu'il y ait au monde, puisqu'elle remonte a deux 
mille ans en arriere aux temps aii Cesar conquit la Gaule et ou le Christ naquit. 
Ce qui caracterise toutefois les relations toujours cordiales et toujours fideles de ces 
deux pays, c'est que, se developpant parallelement, ils ne se heurtent nulle part. 
Je crois exprimer un fait reel, a la fois tres simple et tres fort, en disant, qu'entie la 
France et les Etats-Unis d'Amerique, il y a plus d'aptitude a se connaitre et a se 
comprendre qu'entre deux autres pays du monde, quels qu'ils soient. 

Et, si Ton me demande pourquoi, je repondrai en employant la formule d'une 



The Champlain Tercentenary 63 



des proclamations de la Nouvelle-Angleterre, avant la guerre de I'lndependance, 
parce que ce sent deux pays " oil Ton ne connait ni suzerains, ni seigneurs, ni princes, 
mais seulement le peuple." 

Tout done porte les deux Republiques a I'entente et a I'union: des souvenirs 
communs, un objectif pareil, une conception semblable de la vie publique. La Re- 
publique americaine et la Republique fran^aise sent les deux filles ainees de la 
liberie. I 787, I'annee de la Constitution americaine et 1 789, I'annee qui inaugure 
I'ere moderne en France, ce sont deux grandes dates de nos histoires, et deux grandes 
dates de Thistoire du monde. 

Avec un point de depart presque simultane, les deux pays ont suivi leurs voies 
diverses, I'un occupe a se saisir d'un territoire immense, pliant aux necessites de cette 
vie enorme et dispersee ses institutions a la fois federalistes et unitaires, ouvrant au 
vieux monde un asile tutelaire et developpant sur son sol, grace a cet afHux per- 
manent du trop plein des forces humaines, une civilisation qui est I'heritiere de toutes 
les civilisations; I'autre plus unitaire et plus centralise; plus ramasse et plus fondu, 
plus traditionnel, mais plus alourdi par le poids du passe, travaillant a faire entrer, 
dans ses vieux cadres historiques, les puissances d'energie que la vie moderne exige 
des societes qui veulent garder leur place et leur rang dans la grande famille humaine. 

Apres cent ans de cet effort parallele, les voici done qui apparaissent toutes deux 
en pleine possession de leur valeur, et avec la conscience de ce qu'elles sont et de 
ce qu'elles doivent etre. N'est-ce pas le moment pour elles deux de se considerer 
mutuellement et de s'apercevoir, une fois pour toutes, que dans cette marche paral- 
lele, elles se completent souvent et ne se contrarient jamais? 

Puisque je parle ici devant les representants les plus autorises du commerce 
americain, il me parait facile de prendre le commerce en exemple. 

Le commerce est entre les peuples le premier et le plus indispensable des biens. 
Qui dit commerce dit bon vouloir reciproque, conflance mutuelle et paix. II est 
incontestable, qu' a I'origine de toutes les civilisations se trouvre le commerce, et quand 
les premiers navigateurs europeens, a commencer par le plus grand de tous, Chris- 
tophe Colomb, — ont ete vers I'Occident a la recherche des terres nouvelles, que 
pretendaient-ils, sinon trouver des chemins et des debouches nouveaux? C'est du 
commerce qu'on peut dire avec raison " Mens agitat molem." 

Or, precisement, dans le commerce franco-americain, une heureuse entente de 
nos interets reciproques nous conduit a cette conviction que, la aussi, bien peu de 
choses nous separent, tandis que beaucoup nous rapprochent. L'Amerique produit 
en abondance des matieres premieres dont notre Industrie a besoin; la France pro- 
duit des substances alimentaires, et des articles ou se distingue specialement le gout 
fran?ais, et dont le luxe croissant des Ameriques aura sans doute toujours besoin. 
Sur ces bases, les conditions d'une harmonie bien equilibree peuvent sans trop de 



64 State of New York 



difHcultes se degager. Aussi voyons nous que la France est de toutes les nations 
de TEurope (I'Angleterre exceptee), celle qui fait le plus d'affaires avec les Etats- 
Unis proportionnellement au chiffre de sa population et a I'etendue de son territoire, 
confirraant ainsi I'observation que je faisais tout a I'heure, a savoir que les lois de 
I'histoire doivent combiner nos efforts, et que, seule, une erreur inexcusable pourrait 
les separer. 

C'est pour etendre et appliquer cette opinion, — j'irai jusqu'a dire cette doc- 
trine, — que le comite France-Amerique s'est fonde a Paris, et qu'il est venu devant 
vous pour travailler au developpement des bonnes relations si heureusement existantes 
entre les deux pays. Dans tous les ordres de manifestations cordiales, on nous 
trouve et on nous trouvera. C'est la notre role et nous le revendiquons hauteraent. 

Relations economiques, relations intellectuelles, relations sociales, relations artis- 
tiques, dans tous ces ordres d'idees, nous travaillons dans le meme sens et c'est a 
cette initiative de notre part que nous vous prions de repondre par des sentiments 
et des actes analogues. Nous sommes venus vers vous ; venez vers nous a votre tour. 

On dit, de la pensee americaine, qu'elle se formule en termes d'action " to think 
in terms of action." Eh bien! nous, nous avons formule notre sentiment en termes 
d'action, en venant vingt bons compagnons j'ose le dire, appartenant aux diverses 
activites francaises, vous apporter pour une grande commemoration, une chose 
eminemment frangaise, une oeuvre d'art. 

Nous avons murement reflechi avant de prendre ce parti et nous vous prions d'y 
reflechir a votre tour. Nous n' avons aucun titre officiel; nous sommes de simples 
particuliers, mais nous nous sommes choisis (si vous me permettez cette expression 
ambitieuse) dans le desir de ne pas etre trop indignes de vous et de votre conflance. 

II y eut un temps ou pour la decouverte des pays transatlantiques, les premiers 
pionniers sont partis volontairement de nos rivages: Champlain fut le plus glorieux 
parmi ces Francais: ceux-la etaient les volontaires Je la foi ei de I'esperance. II 
fut un temps ou d'autres volontaires partirent pour servir une cause juste et legitime: 
ceux-la furent les volonlaires de la Liberie et de I' Independance. Les temps sont 
changes; les grandes oeuvres sont accomplies. Cependant, nous aussi nous venons 
spontanement, pour maintenir, du moins, ce qu'ont fait nos aieux, et nous sommes 
les volontaires de V Amitie. 

Comment cette amitie qui est un sentiment et qui est la fleur de I'ame s'expri- 
merait-eiie mieux que par une oeuvre d'art, c'est-a-dire la fleur du goCit et du genie 
humain? 

L'art, en effet, est I'essence du travail des siecles et ses oeuvres seules survivent 
aux siecles. Une civilisation achevee s'exprime par l'art: l'art resume toujours ce 
que I'humanite sent et pense. 



The Champlain Tercentenary 65 



Par quoi connait-on la grandeur de I'ame artistique, sinon par les monuments 
artistiques, I'Egypte, la Grece, Rome, le Moyen-Age nous ont transmis leur pensee 
par cette langue universelle et immortelle qui s'appelle I'art. Ce que I'humanite 
veut faire connaitre d'elle-meme a I'avenir, elle le confie a I'art. 

Et c'est pourquoi, comme un symbole de I'amitie franco-americaine, nous avons 
choisi une belle oeuvre d'art due a notre grand sculpteur Rodin. 

A bord d'un batiment nouveau et qui s'appelle " La France," une delegation 
frangaise est venue pour vous remercier de celebrer un Fran^ais. 

Par la pensee, par le commerce, par le gout du grand, du beau, du juste, par 
une foi identique dans la paix entre les hom.mes, les deux grandes democraties que 
rOcean seul separe, sont faites pour s'aimer, se comprendre et s'unir. 

Nous demandons aux Chambres de Commerce americaines de seconder I'oeuvre 
d'union que nous avons enterprise. 

Merci aux Chambres de Commerce americaines. A tout jamais prosperite, 
grandeur, bonheur et gloire, a la grande Republique des Etats-Unis d'Amerique! 
(Loud applause.) 

President Hepburn introduced the next speaker as follows: There 
are few homes in this country in which the benign face of Washington 
does not look down upon the family activities. Serious contemplation of 
the face of Washington must soon bring into perspective the face of that 
great Frenchman with whom he was so closely associated, whom he so 
highly esteemed, Lafayette. We are fortunate in having with us to-day 
a direct descendant of the great Lafayette, his great-great-grandson. 
He is upon this delegation as the personal representative of the Premier 
of the present government of France. I take great pleasure in presenting 
Count de Chambrun. 

Count de Chambrun spoke in English. 

Address of Count de Chambrun 

Mr. President and Gentlemen: The very character of the present solemnities 
which have brought this delegation to America awakens with us in France a 
peculiar feeling of sympathy and grateful retrospection. Our intellectual world, 
our literary men — all who are versed in historical research and who cherish the 
great memories of the past — look back with love and pride upon the one time 
humble heroes whose venturous spirit and whose wonderful foresight made of their 
6 



66 State of New York 



own mother country the glorious promoter of civiHzation. Indeed, the ties uniting 
France and America have always been popular with us, and our public men have 
ever justly prized their great and valuable importance; but, in the present instance, 
the Prime Minister of the French Republic has desired to be personally represented. 
He, also, a patriot and a man of letters, cannot refrain from emotion when he 
recalls that page of our common history, when a countryman of ours with scanty 
means, but vinth vast courage and genius opened new lands and new prospects to 
the achievements of humanity. 

And this is why M. Raymond Poincare wishes that his own tribute should not 
be lacking where honors are bestowed upon our brave Champlain; it is my good 
fortune, gentlemen, to be the bearer of this heartfelt tribute in memory of the early 
traveller now famous among our great explorers. 

Curiously enough, at different stages, it has been the destiny of Frenchmen to 
play on this proud continent a decisive part in the interest of the world's progress. 
Whether as pioneers in the northern and western dominions, at a remote period 
when these lands were yet unknown, or later on, in time of need, when the United 
States sought freedom and independence, was it not Frenchmen who came again 
with helping swords in a new American cause, where, as volunteeis and soldiers, 
iheir hearts became enlisted. 

But on the other hand, we citizens of France do not forget that it was upon 
your virgin soil that free institutions were first sown of which we in turn were able 
to fully harvest. 

The declaration of the American Independence preceded the declaration of the 
Rights of Man, and Republican Government in America preceded the establishment 
of Free Government in France. 

Mutual action at decisive moments, as we see, has blended together the histories 
of France and of the United States with ever beneficial effect, leaving to-day in 
the hearts of both nations an unparalleled feeling of esteem and constantly well- 
wishing affection. (Great applause.) 

President Hepburn said : " Only a few years ago we wanted the 
world, but now we want the air above it. We have with us to-day one of 
the pioneers in navigation of the air, the man who first crossed the English 
channel in a heavier than air machine. I present to you M. Louis 
Bleriot." M. Bleriot said: 

He had been carried away on the wrings of the eloquence to heights 
where it was imprudent for an aviator to risk himself, and he would express 



The Champlain Tercentenary 67 



simply, but with profound sincerity in behalf of French industry the great admira- 
tion which they, the workmen of old Europe, had for the great and daring efforts 
of America to conquer the air. That work brought men together, and united 
especially the citizens of America and France, already brothers by ancient bonds. 
Thanks to science and industry, distances were diminishing. They admired Edison 
and did not forget Fulton, as they recollected all those who had contributed by 
their invention or their initiative to widen the field of the activity of humanity. He 
looked forward to the time when the birds of France and the birds of America 
would settle on each others' shores. (Applause.) 

Addresses were also made in French by M. Louis Barthou, formerly 
a member of the French Cabinet, and others. They were enthusiastically 
received. At the luncheon which followed the meeting a toast was given 
m honor of the President of France which was responded to by 
M. Hanotaux, after which Baron D'Estournelles de Constant made an 
eloquent address. Since their return to France and the election of 
M. Raymond Poincare to the Presidency of that Republic, M. Louis 
Barthou has been made President of the Council of Ministers. It is 
very gratifying to the many friends in America of M. Barthou that he 
has been so signally honored by the French nation. 



VI. FRENCH VISITORS AND CHAMPLAIN COMMIS- 
SIONERS ENTERTAINED AT TICONDEROGA. 
LATER INSPECT CHAMPLAIN MEMORIAL 
LIGHTHOUSE AT CROWN POINT, WHERE 
THEY FORMALLY PLACE THE BUST "LA 
FRANCE" AND THEN JOURNEY TO PLATTS- 
BURGH. REPORT TO PARIS 

69 




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VI. FRENCH VISITORS AND CHAMPLAIN COMMIS- 
SIONERS ENTERTAINED AT TICONDEROGA. 
LATER INSPECT CHAMPLAIN MEMORIAL 
LIGHTHOUSE AT CROWN POINT. WHERE 
THEY FORMALLY PLACE THE BUST "LA 
FRANCE" AND THEN JOURNEY TO PLATTS- 
BURGH. REPORT TO PARIS 

THE MEMBERS of the New York and Vermont Lake Champlain 
Commissions accompanied by His Excellency, M. Jusserand, 
the French Ambassador, Governor Mead of Vermont and the 
members of the French delegation left New York on the night train. 
May 2d, in special cars, which were detached from the train the next 
morning at Fort Ticonderoga station. The French visitors were enter- 
tained at breakfast by Mr. and Mrs. Stephen H. P. Pell at " The 
Pavilion," their summer home, while the members of the Joint Com- 
missions were entertained at breakfast by Commissioner Howland Pell 
in the Block House, rebuilt by him in the Germain Redoubt overlooking 
the Lake. Several hours were spent in looking over the ruins, fortifica- 
tions and restorations, the details of which were explained by Mr. and 
Mrs. Stephen H. P. Pell, who own Fort Ticonderoga and Mount 
Independence. The visitors were greatly interested in all they saw, and 
especially the French lines, the scene of Montcalm's victory in 1 758 and 
the place where the battle occurred. The ancient flag of France with the 
Fleur-de-lis was displayed together with the Tri-color and each was 
saluted with formality. 

Members of the delegation and Ambassador Jusserand called on 
Commissioner Pell at the Block House in the Germain Redoubt, where 
light refreshments were served. 

General Lebon and other members of the delegation were quick to see 

71 



72 State of New York 

the strategic importance of Ticonderoga as a military fortification to 
command the passage of vessels up and down the lake as well as the 
passage of troops through the valley. In their judgment France made 
no mistake in taking possession of Ticonderoga and taking her stand 
there and at Crown Point in her efforts to control this entire territory. 
The history of the struggle has been graphically described by Parkman 
and others and the thrilling events, culminating in and about this 
" Gateway of the Country," have been given realistic settings by Ira 
Allen, Hon. Lucius E. Chittenden, Rev. Joseph Cook, Dr. Hamilton 
W. Mabie, Percy MacKaye and others. These were well known to 
most of the visiting savants, who were profoundly impressed with Ticon- 
deroga and the overtowering Mount Defiance on the southwest and the 
commanding position of Mount Independence across the narrow lake 
on the southeast. All these were occupied by military forces at times 
during the struggle for the control of the territory. 

The Commissioners and visitors left on a special train at 1 1 .30 A. M. 
for Port Henry, where they were met by Commissioner Walter C. With- 
erbee, Hon. Frank S. Witherbee, Lieut-Gov. Thomas F. Conway and 
others. While going from Ticonderoga to Port Henry, lunch was 
served on the train, so that upon their arrival at Port Henry, while 
they were being escorted to the steamer, the Witherbee band played the 
Marseillaise, and to the delight of the French guests, it also played the 
airs of several French folk songs familiar to the visitors and known 
to their grandparents. They proceeded directly to Crown Point Forts. 
This was their first experience on Lake Champlain, their first view of 
the memorial in the process of construction. It was far enough along, 
however, to reveal its stateliness and artistic design. The impression it 
made on M. Fernand Cormon, President of the French Academy, 
and on M. Rene Bazin, M. Etienne Lamy, M. Gabriel Hanotaux and 
other members of the French Academy may be drawn from the remarks 
of M. Hanotaux and others. Suffice it to say here that the visitors were 
pleased with the artistic memorial lighthouse, which, in addition to its 
utilitarian uses, is designed to symbolize the illumination of the light of 







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The Champlain Tercentenary 73 

civilization first shed in the valley by Champlain and his followers. 
After inspecting the memorial they suggested the permanent location for 
the bust " La France," which had been temporarily placed in position 
and was inspected by the people from all parts of the Champlain valley. 
The bust was draped with the flags of the United States and the Tri- 
color of France and from all parts of the memorial lighthouse floated 
pennants and the Stars and Stripes in profusion. 

Chairman H. Wallace Knapp presided at the formal exercises and 
in his opening address said: 

Centlemen: The course of the Tercentenary observations has received an 
interruption by a voice from across the sea. It is a friendly voice. It is a voice 
that is heard wherever men struggle to be free or seek to advance their welfare. 
It is the voice of France that spoke to us in the dark days of our early history, 
and bade us be of good cheer. 

All through the critical periods of our history the French people and their Gov- 
ernment have been our friends. They join us to-day in memorializing our past. 
They have the right to do so, for France and America have suffered and triumphed 
together for the same high cause and the memory of our debt to this liberty-loving 
people can never be forgotten. It is fitting that they place the Memorial Tablet 
here. It expresses to us love and friendship and they may be assured that we wall 
guard it with proud and zealous care. 

I now take great pleasure in introducing to you the acting Governor, 
Lieutenant-Governor Conway. 

Lieut.-Gov. Thomas F. Conway in the course of his address of 
welcome said: 

Gefi//emen: I had the pleasure on Wednesday evening of extending to you on 
the part of the State of New York the appreciation of its citizens at your coming 
to our shores, but it is a double pleasure to welcome you to Lake Champlain, rich 
in French history and the pride of every one who may rightfully claim the Cham- 
plain valley as his birthplace. We believe that you will find this one of the most 
charming lakes you have ever visited and we trust that you will appreciate its 
beauties as do its inhabitants and its many visitors. 

Chairman Knapp then introduced Gov. John A. Mead of Vermont. 



74 State of New York 



Governor Mead in welcoming the visitors said: 

The people of the Green Mountain State join with the people of the Lnnpire 
State in welcoming the members of the distinguished delegation from France who 
have come to bring the seal of the Mother Country to the memorial of one of 
her most distinguished sons. The Vermont Commission in order to do honor to 
that distinguishd son, Samuel Champlain, united with the New York Commission 
in erecting this stately joint memorial to commemorate his memory, which is revered 
by the people of both states. We count it the greatest privilege that can fall to 
the lot of any man to be born along the shores of this beautiful lake, which Cham- 
plain considered worthy to bear his name. 

Chairman Knapp then presented the French delegation, saying: Many 
Commissions have come from France to us, but all of France has never 
been so well represented as it is by our guests to-day. They bring in 
their hands the gift that has been contributed by all the classes of all the 
French people. 

I have the pleasure of introducing to you the Chairman of the 
Delegation, M. Gabriel Hanotaux. 

Address of Albert Auguste Gabriel Hanotaux 

The states of Vermont and New York raise this monument, torch-bearer to 
the glory of the first Europeans who saw their territories and who foresaw their 
future prosperity. A French delegation has come to thank the constructors of this 
magnificent monument and to seal upon its base, as a sign of gratitude, an image 
of France. 

This work of one of our greatest sculptors, Rodin, is of modest size, but it cer- 
tainly expresses well what we have wished to say; it will bear testimony among 
you of the quality of French taste; it will depict to you France, such as we Frenchmen 
conceive it, such as we love it. See this countenance, smiling and at the same time 
grave, these delicate and pure features, these full cheeks indicating health, this firm 
look expressing resolution and sincerity. It is France as she wishes to be and 
as she is. 

The France of the Crusades, the France of Joan of Arc, of Louis XIV and 
of Napoleon, of the Revolution, the France of the Richelieus and of the Cham- 
plains, that France cannot forget those who have worked and suffered for her, 
she gathers together their memory, she thanks those who remember. To the friend- 




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The Champlain Tercentenary 75 



ships and smiles that are offered her, she replies by a smile and a sincere and 
faithful friendship. 

To mention only the most recent events: In 1910, a statue of the great Wash- 
ington was offered to Versailles by the State of Virginia ; in December, the Sur- 
render of Yorlctown, by J. P. Laurens, was solemnly inaugurated in the Court 
House of Baltimore. In 1 9 1 I , commemorative monuments were erected at 
Savannah, at Annapolis, at Mobile. Everywhere we find memorable proofs of 
American sympathy. How could we do otherwise than respond? 

And it is for this reason, these acts and so many similar ones having been noted 
through the vigilance of the Ambassador of France at Washington, that the Com- 
mittee of France-America, encouraged by the French Government, took the initiative 
of a subscription in order to bring to the lighthouse of Champlain a souvenir of 
French gratitude. The subscription includes, in the first rank, the President of 
the French Republic, Mr. Fallieres ; the President of the Council of Ministers, 
Raymond Poincare, the Ambassador of France at Washington, Mr. Jusserand, 
the majority of the French ministers and a great number of our fellow-countrymen, 
anxious to express their gratitude and their sympathy to the American Republic. 

The delegation here present bears no official character, but Mr. Jusserand 
accompanies it as the representative of the French Government and the Count de 
Chambrun appears in it as the representative of the President of the Council. The 
greatest French institutions also have their representatives therein: The Institut de 
France, the Parliament, the French army, the State Council, the University, Industry, 
Commerce, the Press; finally, the descendants of three of the families that have, 
from the very beginning, shown their sympathy for the Franco-American cause. 

Friendship — it is with this word that I wish to close, as it expresses the real 
character of the sentiment that animates the Committee of France-America and 
which its delegation has endeavored to convey in coming to you. We are friends 
of the great American democracy; we come toward it with outstretched hands, 
saying: Accept this friendship that is offered you and in return grant us yours. 
We have nothing more to offer you than this image of that which we love best in 
the world, France; and we ask nothing more of you than to understand how lively, 
spontaneous and sincere this sentiment is. 

Since the American democracy is at the head of the great human civilizations, 
since it always marches forward, without, however, forgetting the bonds that bind 
it to the past; since it has a noble heart, a generous soul, and since, according to 
the word of the Latin writer, nothing human is foreign to it, we come to remind it 
that these sentiments are also those that animate the French democracy; and, as 
the two ideas are to-day united in the same monument, so may the two words be 



76 State of New York 



drawn closer together in the name of our Committee, France-America. We beg 
of you not to allow the memory of this ceremony to be effaced from your hearts, 
since the memory of Champlain is commemorated by you. We now confide to 
you the image of our beautiful France. Watch over it as over an eternal pledge 
of gratitude, of devotion, and of friendship. (Long applause.) 

Commissioner Louis C. Lafontaine was then introduced and received 
the gift in the following manner, speaking in the French language : 

Excellence, Messieurs de la Delegation Frangaise, Mesdames, MessieuTs: C'est 
un grand honneur pour moi, comme membre de la Commission du Troisieme Cen- 
tenaire de la decouverte du Lac Champlain, et au nom de mes coUegues, de recevoir 
le buste " La France " dont vous avez mission du peuple Fran^ais de venir deposer 
au pied du Memorial Champlain. 

La Commission se plait a voir dans ce beau geste de la mere-patrie de Champlain 
le couronnement de ses efforts pour la glorification de I'un des plus illustres fils de 
la France. 

Votre mission est maintenant remplie, mais nous vous prions de vouloir bien en 
accepter une autre, celle de transmettre a la nation fran^aise, les remerciements 
les plus sinceres et les plus cordiaux de la Commission Champlain pour I'honneur 
qu'elle lui a fait en choisissant un si grand nombre parmi les plus illustres de ses 
enfants pour leur conferer I'honneur de venir apposer ce cachet d'amitie au Memo- 
rial Porte-Lumiere destine a perpetuer le souvenir du Grand Champlain! 

This concluded the formal exercises. 

The visitors were then shown the ruins of Fort St. Frederic and of 
the English Forts, now included in the state reservation known as the 
Crown Point Reservation, which are among the best preserved original 
fortifications of the country. 

The discoveries which are being made in and about the old French 
Fort under the direction of Annie E. (Mrs. Walter C.) Witherbee, 
are such as may lead to the rewriting of a description of these forts. She 
has located the ovens and found the oven doors, candle-sticks, snuffers, 
glassware, blue and white china of Fort St. Frederic, built in 1 73 1 , the 
underground drain, from the English Forts, built of stone two and one- 
half feet high, resting on a solid rock and twenty inches in width in 
perfect condition. She has also found the casemate and bastions around 







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the English Forts, which were built in 1 759 by Amherst. She has 
opened up the old forge and found many relics such as a gun-carriage, 
chairs, knives, spades, iron bars, bolts and other articles. The most 
remarkable discovery from a geological point of view was that of a 
glacier mill 14 feet and 7 inches in depth, containing spherical stones, 
unknown in the vicmity. Mrs. Witherbee has procured copies of old 
charts and maps from British archives relating to the region. She is 
also making a valuable historical collection of books, manuscripts and 
autographs of persons, who have written about or have been occupants 
of the forts now in ruins, but included in the State Reservation. These 
will throw new light on the history of the region to the lasting credit of 
Mrs. Witherbee, who intends to continue her researches in this hitherto 
unexplored field. 

At three-forty o'clock, P. M., the Commissioners, accompanied by His 
Excellency Ambassador Jusserand and the French delegation, boarded 
the special train for Plattsburgh under the escort of Hon. John H. 
Booth and Hon. John B. Riley. Upon their arrival at Plattsburgh, they 
were officially welcomed by Mayor Andrew G. Senecal, the Guard 
of Honor, and St. Jean Baptiste Society in full uniform. The depot 
was trinmied with the American and French flags and the U. S. 
Reservation at Plattsburgh Barracks had been put in readiness by Colonel 
Cowles, Post Commandant, for the reception of the visitors to witness 
a dress parade in their honor. As they entered the Reservation, a 
national salute was fired and the regimental band played La Marseil- 
laise and the Star-Spangled Banner. The Fifth Infantry in full dress 
uniform was drawn up and saluted the distinguished visitors with military 
honors. Colonel Cowles and his staff were formally presented by 
Hon. H. "Wallace Knapp to Ambassador Jusserand, M. Gabriel Hano- 
taux. General Lebon, Count de Chambrun, M. Etienne Lamy and others. 
The visitors were escorted to the temporary platform, whereupon the 
Hon. V. F. Boire, speaking in French in behalf of the people of Platts- 
burgh, welcomed the visitors. TTie English version of his address is 
substantially as follows: 



78 State of New York 



Gentlemen: It is a great pleasure as well as a special privilege to welcome you 
to the city of Plattsburgh and the county of Clinton on this important occasion of 
your peace errand. It is a pleasure to welcome you for many reasons. The per- 
sonnel of your delegation has so many illustrious and honored names; so many 
of them dear to the hearts of the American people, that we welcome you indi- 
vidually and personally, and we feel that you should be at home here. In the 
average American heart, there is enshrined on either side of George Washington 
the memory of Rochambeau and Lafayette, so no man bearing either name is a 
stranger in the country of Washington, nor is he a stranger here, who is accredited 
from their native land. 

As representatives of the great French Republic, you are welcome to the nation 
that the old France sustained and befriended in the hour of its almost hopeless 
struggle for liberty. You are twice welcome in this particular spot; discovered 
and explored by the great Champlain, trodden by the intrepid foot of Montcalm, 
and sought out by the zealous heart of Jogues. It would be impossible to honor 
us more than to permit us to see and hear representatives of so many branches of 
French activities and learning, of men and institutions that have made for the 
progress and enlightenment of the world; and in this particular locality, where 
there are so many descendants of the French, this occasion affords an entirely dis- 
tinct and peculiar pleasure to the people. 

Significant at this time and indirectly connected with your visit, and of interest 
in connection with your visit, are the great peace projects now planned between 
the United States and the British Empire. One is the Quebec Miami International 
Highway which is an assured fact, as a result of which a great International High- 
way is actually being built, connecting the southern part of Florida with the city of 
Quebec, and linking Canada and the United States with a strong bond of friend- 
ship and good will. This road will pass through the city of Plattsburgh and its 
length will be dotted with monuments dedicated to peace. And it is intended that 
all travellers of this highway between Canada and the United States will pass 
beneath an arch dedicated in the hope that no hostile foot \A\\ ever tread beneath. 
This we believe to be a practical peace pact. 

The monuments and arch just referred to are part of the second and most 
wndely known of the peace projects. By that I mean, the celebration of the one 
hundredth anniversary of peace between the English speaking peoples (which also 
seems to be an assured fact), to occur in 1914. By a singular coincidence, the 
year 1914 will also mark the one hundredth anniversary of the last war between 
French speaking and English speaking peoples. It would seem to me a most 
lamentable thing if this celebration were not made a double celebration in com- 
memoration of the one hundred years of peace between the great French speaking 



The Champlain Tercentenary 79 



peoples and English speaking peoples as well as between the English speaking 
peoples. And let us hope that the year 1914 will also witness the adoption of all 
the Arbitration Treaties under French speaking nations and English speaking 
nations; — and thus we may hope that the year 1914 will not only be as a monu- 
ment to the century of peace in the past, but that it will also be a monument for 
the peace of the centuries that are to come. 

The visitors demonstrated their pleasure over his remarks by vigorous 
applause. M. Etienne Lamy was then introduced and, speaking in 
French, told of the pleasure of himself and his associates at the hearty 
reception they had received at every place they had visited since commg to 
America and said that at no place was the reception more cordial than at 
Plattsburgh. General Lebon was the next speaker and his remarks were 
also in French. He spoke of the great achievements of the French people 
in all walks of life and especially in the military sphere. Count de Cham- 
brun spoke in English and told of the great friendship which has existed 
between France and the United States ever since the first blow was 
struck by the colonies for liberty; how the Republic of the East, through 
him and his associates, sent greetings and promises of everlasting friend- 
ship to the Republic of the West. M. Gabriel Hanotaux spoke briefly in 
French and Ambassador Jusserand made a few remarks in both English 
and French, expressing his pleasure in again visiting Plattsburgh. The 
Saranac Chapter of the D. A. R. turned out in force with their regent, 
Mrs. George F. Tuttle, and were accompanied by the Nathan Beman 
Chapter of the Children of the American Revolution bearing the Ameri- 
can colors. The D. A. R. delegation was seated on the grandstand at 
the left of the French visitors. 

Mrs. George F. Tuttle, the regent of the Saranac Chapter, D. A. R., 
and president of the Nathan Beman Chapter, D. A. R., of Plattsburgh, 
both of which organizations took part in the reception of the French 
Delegation, expressed her pleasure and that of her Chapter at taking 
part in welcoming the visitors, and also said: 

The Saranac Chapter, Daughters of the American Revolution and Nathan 
Beman Society, Children of the American Revolution wish to extend greetings to 



80 State of New York 



the French delegation who have so honored us by their presence. It nuay be of 
interest to one of this distinguished company, the Count de Chambrun, to know 
that among the Daughters who hstened with dehght to his remarks, was one whose 
mother, Mrs. Frederick Sailly, had the pleasure of entertaining, as the wife of 
Major Russell, at Fort Niagara, the Count's honored ancestor. General Lafayette. 

After regimental dress parade the visitors were returned to the depot 
by automobile and left for Montreal on the regular 6 o'clock train, ex- 
pressing themselves enthusiastically in appreciation of the festivities ar- 
ranged in their honor in this country. 

One of the French delegation, M. Gaston Deschamps, on May 3, 
1912, reported to Le Temps, published in Paris, the exercises at Crown 
Point and Plattsburgh, which is a graphic description of the impressions 
made upon the visitors on that occasion. From that report we excerpt 
the following, giving the English instead of the French original : 

People have come from all the cities and towns about Port Henry; from all 
the villages and hamlets near the Canadian frontier, to greet the French delega- 
tion. A band of musicians advances and plays the " Marseillaise "• — a Mar- 
seillaise slow, sweet, as though languishing from the affectionate and cajoling 
tenderness of our friends in the United States and New France. Our Marseillaise 
lends itself admirably to that metamorphosis, and the warlike march of the Army 
of the Rhine easily becomes, when one beats adagio maestoso time, a hymn of 
solemn measure and touchingly religious. 

Hon. Walter C. Witherbee, one of the most distinguished citizens of Port Henry, 
is the President of the Inauguration Committee of the Champlain Monument at 
Crown Point. For several years he has devoted the best part of his time and his 
efforts to the work of the American and French commemorations of which we to-day 
see the happy outcome. He has applied himself with all his heart to this intellectual 
and moral enterprise, and he has brought to the service of his tenacious idealism 
all the practical judgment of an excellent business man. I have learned — not 
from him, for Mr. Witherbee is modesty itself — all that he has done for the 
celebration of the third centenary of Champlain. Treasurer of the New York 
Commission, he is the one especially who, with Senator Henry W. Hill and Mr. John 
R. Myers, put through the necessary measures before the Government at Wash- 
ington, to the end that the commemorative festivities might be exceptionally brilliant. 



The Champlain Tercentenary 81 



Mr. Clinton Scollard has sung the glory of Champlain: 

A valiant son of that intrepid line 

Which gave fair lustre to the fame of France. 

Another poet, Mr. Percy MacKaye, has celebrated in his " Ballad of Ticon- 
deroga " the heroic defenders of Fort Carillon. Dr. Daniel L. Cady has dedicated 
a whole bouquet of lyric verses to the picturesque beauties of Lake Champlain and 
to the bravery of the good sailor of Saintonge: 

The Brouage sailor * * * 

* * * Long live the Xaintongeois • * * * 

It seems to me that at certain times " Young America " is in truth " Old 
France." This impression is strengthened still more after we have embarked on 
the steamer which is to take us to the opposite shore of the lake, to the promontory 
where the monument to the heroes of this magnificent fete is erected. This monu- 
ment is not yet finished. But the figure of the " Lord of Champlain, geographer 
to the King, and captain of the Navy of the West," is present in all minds because 
on the pedestal of granite, under the gleam of the lighthouse, it is visible from top 
to toe in the eyes of all sailors in quest of a good route in these parts. Here he 
is, with his good face, a trifle broad, and very strong, his moustache curled up at 
the ends, and his small pointed beard in the fashion of Louis XIII.; his lips, prompt 
to reply, but skillful in keeping a secret; his large, thoughtful forehead, his eyes 
full of dreaminess, and at the same time skilled in the exact knowledge of men 
and things by the habit of his profession of watching the caprices of the inconstant 
sea, of the changing heavens, and of the varying breezes. His lake, that " Sea of 
the Iroquois," whose Odysseyan distances he skimmed in birch-bark canoes paddled 
by tattooed Hurons, with whom he felt at home — being, in the words of a nar- 
rator of his voyages, " a man who was astonished at nothing, and a ready talker, 
knowing how to accost these people tactfully and to accommodate himself to their 
ways " — his lake we overlook to-day from the bulwarks of a steamer decorated 
with all the splendor of holidays. His work is finished. What he foresaw, what 
he predicted, what he prepared, has been realized. Civilization has laid hold upon 
all these countries where he was the first explorer and of which he foretold in his 
writings the future harvest. Here is the landscape whose picture he has described 
so vividly that one can, after having read his " Voyages and Discoveries ", easily 
find one's way and recognize the different points; the immensity of this lake, whose 
7 



82 State of New York 



fertile shores stretch in endless perspective; the hillsides covered with forests; the 
islands " where there are plenty of walnuts and vines and pretty meadows." 
* * * In place of the encampments stockaded by the Iroquois or by the 
Mohegans, filled with the noise of the tom-tom and the war dance, there are now 
pleasant country houses where men and women of a less turbulent race can hence- 
forth enjoy a happiness which is no longer menaced by the unreasoned impulses 
of a primitive and barbarous humanity. 

As our steamer pulls out from the port and traverses the waves, gilded by the 
sun, in the track which the achievements of Champlain have traced, we see the 
buildings of Port Henry rise one above the other like an amphitheatre among the 
forests in the woodland clearing. On the battlefield where the conqueror, peaceful 
and brave, was forced to use his blunderbuss, there are now shipbuilders' yards, 
warehouses, factory chimneys. * * * Xhe horizon, under the vast dome of 
the blue sky, is beautified by the whiteness of the snows, which shine vsnth a silvery 
splendor on the tops of the Adirondack Mountains and of those Green Mountains 
which have given their ancient French name to the American State Vert Mont 
(Vermont). 

The weather is marvellous. This is the most beautiful day of our trip; a day 
of brightness and of glory; what the Americans call a " glorious day." A fine 
breeze which comes from afar makes the gay colors of the oriflamme flutter from 
the halyards of the ship. The French delegation is gay. We are happy to see 
this admirable scenery, which was discovered by the eyes of a Frenchman. One of 
our number is especially captivated by the beauty of this spectacle; it is the great 
painter Cormon, appointed more than any one else, as one who could understand 
and feel the charm of this vision, because his art is exercised and triumphs by turns 
in the magnificent understanding of primitive times and in the fine meaning of the 
beauties imagined by the modem aesthetic. We are happy to see that his ready 
and true pencil has caught in passing some of the scenes from the fairyland before 
us. Our notes on the trip will thus be much more accurate because of a true, exact 
and sincere illustration, which would have been the delight of honest Champlain. 

In honor of the heroes of this festival, and to please us, Mr. Witherbee's musicians 
play the airs which were most pleasing to the good mariners who came with Cham- 
plain from Saintonge or from Aunis — the old songs of Old France. " C'est le roi 
Dagobert," " J'ai du bon tabac dans ma tabatiere," " La bonne aventure, 6 gue." 

Apropos of this, a Canadian whom I met at this delightful festival of French 
remembrance told me that these songs, brought by Champlain's sailors, preserved 
by Montcalm's sailors, still exist among " our people " all through the country. 



The Champlain Tercentenary 83 



"Among us are still played on the hurdy-gurdy those refrains of long ago. We 
transmit them in the family, from father to son, like a charming echo of the far- 
away mother country. If you come to our French villages in Canada, Monsieur, 
to Beauharnais, to Saint Hilaire, to Maisonneuve, to Sorel, to Trois-Rivieres, you 
will hear all sorts of pleasant couplets which come in a direct line from Angoumois, 
from Normandy, from Saintonge, from Poitou — and I, too, come from Poitou. 

" So, then. Monsieur," adds my Canadian questioner, laughingly, " We will 
sing you some Poitevine songs, which will recall your childhood days and the quaint 
melodies of the country-folk over there. We have a good collection of them. You 
will only have the embarrassment of choice." 

And that good Frenchman of Canada begins to name over for me a whole 
string of ancient sayings, which have retained the perfume and, as it were, the 
melancholy softness of the gardens of the past. First of all a " danse ronde ": 

Dans ma main droite y-a-t-un rosier 

Qui fleurira, manon Ion la. 

Qui fleurira au mois de mai. 

Entrez en danse, joli rosier! 

Et embrassez, manon Ion la, 

Et embrassez qui vous plaira. 

Indeed, I have heard that ingenious melody at home. To hear again, so far 
from home, the words and the spirit of our old rural France, hard-working all the 
week and always ready to dance and to " bailer " during the Sunday leisure, is 
an impression not to be forgotten and which at first seems like a dream. 

" We also have," my Canadian said to me, " the ' Clear Fountain." Every- 
body in Canada knows that romance, which came from Normandy. We also 
have some ' chansons de filasse ' (flax songs) sung in tremulous voice by our good 
grandmothers: ' En fllant ma quenouille.' Our Bretons have preserved their sea 
songs: 'A Saint-Malo, beau port de mer.' Or ' Dans les prisons de Nantes.* 
And also: 

Fringue, fringue sur la riviere 
Fringue, fringue sur I'aviron.' 

While thus, in that fine light, on the limpid water, under the tender blue of a 
crystal sky, the heroic and charming soul of our ancestors was evoked, our ship, 
surrounded by a whole fleet of decorated barks, draws near the pier at Crown 
Point and stops in front of the monument of Champlain. This monument is a 
lighthouse, of gray granite, sparkling with grains of mica which shine in the sun 



84 State of New York 



like the facets of precious stones. The location of that edifice is well adapted to 
the calling and the glory of him who was in these parts the guide of navigators. 
In front of that lighthouse, on the prow of a symbolic vessel, there stands upright 
the figure of the good pilot whose wake we have followed. * * * While 
awaiting the completion of the statue, which has been begun, we have fastened to 
the pedestal the image of France, modelled with infinitely delicate love by the strong 
hand of the sculptor Rodin. That will be a token and, as it were, the sign of the 
mother country on the monument which commemorates and consecrates a French 
achievement. 

At the moment when that image, veiled by the flags of France and of the United 
States, is uncovered, appears to the gaze of the assembled crowd, the Marseillaise 
vibrates in the resonant light. Our American friends and the Canadians present 
applaud and cheer. We are deeply moved, we Frenchmen, before this figure, where 
we recognize clearly the force and the sweetness of the mother country, the up- 
rightness of her thoughts, the loftiness of her sentiments, the nobility of her generous 
desires. Never has an artist's idea better expressed by the sovereign gift of art all 
that there is of depth, of rarity, of the unique, in hearts animated by the imperative 
desire to maintain the dominion of France; to enhance her glory. The head of the 
French delegation, M. Gabriel Hanotaux, of the French Academy, former Minister 
of Foreign Affairs, accompanied by the French Ambassador and the Governors 
of the States of New York and of Vermont, delivers that precious pledge of remem- 
brance and of hope to the friendship of the American people. His eloquent words 
are most appropriate to the occasion which reunites us, to the decorations which 
astonish us, to the character of the great man whose admirable work gives us, at 
the end of three centuries, the joy of seeing in this place the infinite results of a 
French undertaking. The orator, in reviewing the life and work of Champlain, 
points out how similar to Corneille was the soul of that contemporary of Richelieu, 
and how this discoverer of new ways, this builder of towns, this initiator of civiliza- 
tion into the New World, this idealist, prompt in the realization of his ideas, has 
succeeded by the power of a thoughtful desire, preparing his projects far in advance 
by prudent thought, wisely conceived, rapidly executed — having, in a word, as a 
historian has said in the temperate and forceful language of long ago, " the inten- 
tions of all he did." 

After M. Hanotaux, the Governors of New York and Vermont spoke. Their 
excellent discourses, warmly applauded, reminded me again how well the history 
of Champlain is known in America. In him they honor by turns the incarnation 
of the genius of France; the honor and chivalry of France. To that explorer, 
to that colonizer, they give that beautiful name of " honest man " which our an- 



The Champlain Tercentenary 85 



cestors of the seventeenth century claimed more passionately than any other title: 
navigator, explorer, honest man. * * * 

After that moving ceremony we were taken in automobiles to the ruins of Fort 
Frederic, which was constructed in 1731 by the Marquis de Beauharnois. The 
whole population of Port Henry comes with us; they surround us, showing us every 
courtesy. 

In a group of children I see a pretty little boy with blue eyes. 

" Doest thou know French '*? 

" Yes, sir." 

" What is thy name "? 

" Henri Pigeon." 

With a name so extremely French one does not need a certificate of origin. A 
French priest. Father Guttin, professor in the College of Saint-Michel at Bur- 
lington, on the other shore of Lake Champlain, told me that Henri Pigeon is one 
of many children of a very honorable and hard-working Canadian family. The 
father of that child works in the mines at Port Henry. 

PlattsbURGH, Same Day, A/aji 3, 1912, 5:30 o'clock. 

The train, since leaving Port Henry, has traversed the left bank of Lake Cham- 
plain. As we pass I notice shores of golden sand, hills thickly shaded by foliage, 
pines, whose brilliant verdure glows on the azure of the blue water. Here is the 
island of Valcour. * * * What a pity not to be able to stop at all the stations 
on that railroad, Vkith its many villages vWth French names. 

Plattsburgh is nearly the last American town before reaching the Canadian fron- 
tier. It is full of remembrances of the War of Independence. The Federal Gov- 
ernment of the United States has established a strong garrison there. Here again 
swift automobiles await us. The owner of one of these brilliant vehicles literally 
carries me to the threshold of the station, at a lively pace, and on the way said to 
me, in a calm, jolly voice: 

" I am French, Monsieur; this is my son Raymond. We have only half an hour 
to see our countrymen. And, well, we want to make the best of it." 

All this was said with a pleasing country accent. It is the accent we use in our 
country. * * * yi^g guto stops at the entrance to a training field, where the 
Fifth Regiment of Infantry of the Regular Army of the United States is ranged 
in order of battle. The American Government wishes, at that last station in her 
territory, to do us great honor, due, no doubt, to the presence as a member of our 
delegation of General Lebon, former Commander-in-Chief of our First Army Corps. 

The General takes his place on a platform in front of the public stand. The 



86 State of New York 



regiment band plays the Marseillaise, which is followed by the solemn notes of the 
American hymn, the Star Spangled Banner. The Mayor of Plattsburgh ad- 
dresses us in French, bidding us welcome. The procession starts immediately. A 
very excellent showing of troops, by a young colonel (Calvin D. Cowles), who 
manages a fiery horse most excellently, and who is surrounded by a body-guard of 
officers dressed in uniforms heavily adorned wnth gold braid and shoulder pieces of 
blue silk. A faultless procession; the sections well in line, the pace lively, the 
carriage very military. When the starry flag passed, everybody stood up and 
removed their hats. This scene is framed in a background of mountains and the 
blue line of the lake, now lighted by the slanting rays of the setting sun. After the 
military carriages had passed the colonel, accompanied by his staff, came and stood 
before the stand, and with a sweeping gesture saluted us with his sword. The 
American nation could not bid a more magnificent farewell to a delegation in which 
figure the descendants of Rochambeau and Lafayette, and who belong to a nation 
faithful to the traditions of a memorable fraternity in arms. 

Saint Jean, Same Day, A/ay 3, 1912, 7 o'clock. 

We have crossed the frontier. The evening falls over the Canadian fields. From 
a clock exactly like those in the French parishes there comes the aerial call of the 
Angelus. * * * Instantly, in the station of Saint Jean there is heard a great 
clamor. " Vive la France! " Imagine an immense crowd, packed around the train, 
preventing it from starting; waving three-colored banners; singing at the top of their 
lungs the songs of this land and of the home land; the songs which, among us, are 
sung to welcome parents and friends. Hands are extended; eyes seek other eyes. 
One might call it the reunion of a family a long time separated. We are happy 
to meet again. We detain each other. * * * There are so many things to 
say to each other. * * * Everyone who has been present at this Canadian 
welcome will treasure in the depths of his heart the remembrance of that moment 
never to be forgotten. 

This journey has been fertile in rapid and diverse impressions, carried away, alas ! 
too quickly by the flight of time. It was at times like artificial fire; too quickly 
vanished. * * * But this here — and I purposely make use of a familiar 
phrase, which will be well understood by the French on both shores of the Atlantic 
^this, is in truth the bouquet I (Ceci, c'est veritableraent le bouquet). 

Gaston Deschamps. 



VII. THEY VISIT CANADA. NIAGARA FALLS AND 
SAIL FOR FRANCE. IMPRESSIONS AND COM- 
MENTS BY FRENCH VISITORS ON EXPERI- 
ENCES IN AMERICA 

87 



VII. THEY VISIT CANADA. NIAGARA FALLS AND 
SAIL FOR FRANCE. IMPRESSIONS AND COM- 
MENTS BY FRENCH VISITORS ON EXPERIENCES 
IN AMERICA 

THEIR (DECEPTION by the Board of Trade and Chamber of Com- 
merce and Citizens Association in Montreal was very hospitable. 
A banquet was tendered the visiting delegation in the evening of 
May 4th and on the following day a luncheon was given them by the 
Franco-American Committee of Canada. Their reception at Quebec 
on May 6th was also very cordial. They were greatly interested m the 
city founded three centuries back by Samuel Champlain. They visited 
its churches, its Parliament buildings, the Heights of Abraham, and 
placed a wreath of flowers on the tomb of Montcalm. They were 
pleased with the majestic sweep of the St. Lawrence, the Falls of Mont- 
morency and with the bracing air of Quebec, whose surrounding hills 
were white with snow. Among the many who united in entertaining 
them while in Canada were Senator Raoul Dandurand, President of 
the Franco-American Committee of Canada, Sir Lomer Gouin, Premier 
of the Province, M. Monk, Minister of Public Works, Lieutenant- 
Governor Langelier, M. Montagu Allan, Vice-President of the Franco- 
American Committee of Montreal, Mgr. Begin of Laval University, 
Messrs. R. W. Reford and Chaput, Presidents of the Canadian 
Chambers of Commerce, M. Revol, President of the Montreal Chamber 
of Commerce, M. Montpetit and M. de Crevecoeur, M. Ferdinand Roy, 
President of the Canadian Institute at Quebec, and many others. The 
mental exhilaration of the visitors increased as they moved about amid 
the French-speaking people of the Province, where the descendants of 
French colonists with French customs dominated its language, its laws 
and its institutions. On their return to France they spoke very appre- 

89 



90 State of New York 

datively of their visit to the Dominion of Canada, its hospitable people 
and of its possibilities. 

On their return from Canada via Niagara Falls, they were met there 
by Senator Henry W. Hill, Secretary of the Commission, and were 
entertained at luncheon by General Francis V. Greene, who in faultless 
Parisian French paid a glowing tribute to their countrymen. He 
escorted them about the Falls and showed them the power plants on the 
Canadian shore and took them in a special car around the Gorge Route. 
They were deeply interested in the Falls, the Whirlpool and power 
houses. They took the evening train for New York, where they em- 
barked on La Provence, May 9th, for France. 

Commissioners Howland Pell and Senator James A. Foley and 
Viscount de Jean of the French Embassy at Washington, Senator 
Raoul Dandurand of Montreal and others were on the dock to bid them 
" farewell " and " bon voyage." Each gentleman of the delegation was 
presented with a photograph of the Waldorf-Astoria banquet and each 
lady with a bouquet of La France roses. 

All the delegates were charmed with the cordiality of their reception, 
both in the United States and Canada, and most of them expressed their 
intention of coming again. 

M. Gabriel Hanotaux, former Minister of Foreign Affairs and presi- 
dent of the delegation, in a conversation before La Provence left the 
quay, said: 

I believe that the time has come for closer relations to be developed between 
France and America from many points of view. There is one point beyond doubt. 
We have seen recently that when France withdraws her financial support from any 
international project the carrying out of the project is at any rate delayed. France 
is a rich country, and has money to invest, but she must first see that her interests 
are safeguarded. In America the thing that struck me and most of the delegation 
was the prodigious activity everywhere. Everything in the country gives evidence 
of unique strength which must play a great role in the world. I am really charmed 
with my first visit to the United States and Canada and hope to have an oppor- 
tunity of coming again. We in France are convinced that trade can be improved 
to a great extent. TTie present statistics do not, however, give France her proper 



The Champlain Tercentenary 91 



place, as a great deal of the French trade passes across the Atlantic on British. 
Belgian and German vessels and is credited to the first port of debarkation, although 
many of the American exports eventually go to France. 

M. Gabriel Hanotaux, in referring to French literature, said: 

The greatest error appears to exist in American and British minds on the subject 
of French literature. I myself know that the French love a pure literature and I 
am certain that that kind of writing is the only kind that is profitable in France 
itself. All the modern French writers, too, are of the same opinion. The indelicate 
French books appear to be written only for the foreigner, for they have no vogue 
whatever in France. 

On a prior occasion M. Gabriel Hanotaux expressed the pleasure of 
the delegation at the reception given it in this country, saying that from 
the moment they had placed foot upon this soil they have been captivated 
and carried away in a whirlwind of cordiality and good-fellowship. 
About the reception by President Taft the French statesman said: 

The President, despite his overwhelming occupations, received us at his table; 
in the very kindest manner he honored, in our persons, the thought which has brought 
us here. He was so kind as to give us personally, in connection with our visit, 
assurances of his encouragement and approval ; which have been for us an ample 
reward. These countless acts of friendship of all kinds we have looked upon — 
and rightly so — as being addressed to our beloved mother country and to the 
Government of the French Republic which has so splendidly encouraged and aided 
us in the accomplishment of our mission. 

On its return from America, the French delegation which had at- 
tended the Champlain exercises, was entertained in Paris at a grand 
dinner, on June 17, 1912. It was a truly brilliant assemblage, presided 
over by M. Raymond Poincare, President of the Council, and Minister 
of Foreign Affairs. Prominent among the large number at the tables 
were the sculptor, Rodin; Paul Hervieu, of the French Academy; 
Louis Barthou, deputy and former Minister; General Brugere, former 
vice-president of the Conseil Superieur of War, and president of the 
United States section of the Franco- American Committee; and many 



92 State of New York 

others eminent in the official, military, naval, financial, literary and art 
circles of France. The aviator, Bleriot, was a guest, representative of a 
putative new science. Many ladies also graced the occasion. 

Among the Americans in attendance was the American Ambassador, 
the Hon. Myron Herrick, to whom the presiding officer, M. Poincare, 
in his opening remarks, most happily referred as having come " to testify 
that his country, less near to us by parentage than is Canada, is still just 
as near at heart." American hospitality, he said, which surprises and 
charms the French, whenever they cross the ocean, is but an expression 
of a constant memory. "As Monsignor Ireland so well says: 'The 
United States forget nothing. In learning the history of his own country, 
an American learns to love France. The Past has not ceased to be felt 
in the Present. American sentiment is unable to detach itself from 
France. Emigrants, it is true, arrive in vast numbers on our soil; but 
there is a something, I know not what, in the air we breathe, that assimi- 
lates them in less than a generation. And the new-comers become like 
the earlier ones.' " 

M. Gabriel Hanotaux, of the French Academy, President of the 
Franco-American Committee, reviewed the experiences of the French 
delegation in their journey to Lake Champlain, and in his very felicitous 
remarks, " addressed, across the seas, a salutation of thanks and of 
gratitude, on the part of France to the United States of America and to 
the Dominion of Canada, in response to the welcome extended by these 
two countries, last month, to the French delegation visiting Lake Cham- 
plain." He drew a lively picture of incidents of the journey, especially 
of the arrival at Ticonderoga: 

" It is impossible to express the emotion which we felt when we saw 
that there was the goal of our journey ; that our feet would tread in the 
footsteps of our great compatriots of by-gone ages; that this little bay 
was where Champlain embarked, in the Indian canoes, to go to discover, 
southwards, the land where sprang up Boston and New York ; that here 
were those famous passes, defended, later on, foot by foot by the French 
heroes of the I 7th and 1 8th centuries ; that these ruins are of Fort Caril- 



The Champlain Tercentenary 93 

Ion; that these fields, these hills and woods, were the battle-ground where 
Montcalm had fought and conquered ; and that here, in a word, was the 
lake toward which we had fared all these weeks, and where we came 
to enshrine, at the foot of the commemorative monument, the image 
which we had brought, with precious care — from the land of France, 
on the ship La France, the image of France!" 

The speaker paid graceful tribute to the genius of Rodin; dwelt upon 
the welcome which the delegation had met with in Canada; thanked all 
who had contributed to the pleasure and success of the mission, and con- 
cluded by proposing the health of the President of the United States, 
His Majesty George the Fifth, the people of all Latin America, of the 
delegation's hosts in the United States and Canada, and of the Franco- 
American Committee. 

He was followed by Senator Dandurand, President of the Franco- 
American Committee of Montreal, who spoke of Canadian development, 
and of the relations of Canada and the United States. At the close of 
his address he was invested with the insignia of the Legion of Honor. 

TTien followed the address of the Deputy, Louis Barthou, which 
sparkled with wit and happy hits. The speaker paid particular tribute 
to M. Hanotaux; dwelt upon the enthusiasm with which their delegation 
had been met. and made repeated acknowledgment of the courtesies they 
had received. His Excellency, M. Puga-Borne, Minister from Chili, 
spoke briefly, and was followed by the American Ambassador, Mr. 
Herrick, who happily acknowledged the compliments and courtesies 
bestowed upon him and his country, and closed by proposing the health 
of the President of the French Republic. The exercises were con- 
cluded by a brief address from the presiding officer, M. Raymond 
Poincare, who referred to the part which the Franco-American Com- 
mittee had borne in the CcU-rying out of the Champlain commemorative 
project. 

On May 25, 1912, the newly-appointed Ambassador from the United 
States to France, Mr. Myron T. Herrick, and Mrs. Herrick, gave a 
reception at the American Embassy to the French delegation which 



94 State of New York 

represented France in the Champlain ceremonies. Some seventy guests 
were present, and were welcomed by the Ambassador in a felicitous 
speech, to which M. Hanotaux replied most happily in behalf of the 
delegation. M. Antonin Dubost also spoke on the unbroken amity so 
long existing between France and the United States. 

The Courrier des Etats-Unis of November 10, 1912, published an 
address delivered at the annual meeting of the Five Academies by M. 
Paul Vidal de la Blache, delegate of the Academy of Moral and 
Political Science. On the occasion referred to, M. Frederic Masson, of 
the French Academy, presided. M. de la Blache said in opening his 
address : 

" Cenllemen: In the course of a journey which a French delegation 
made last spring, to pay homage to the memory of Samuel Champlain, 
there was one day interesting above all others. I am sure none of our 
company will lose the memory of it. Many have eloquently expressed 
the impression which they cherish. Impressions of travel are usually 
fleeting; they become dim by their very multiplicity, and the daily train 
of events soon relegates them to the limbo of the forgotten. However, 
the memory of this day has not ceased after several months to spring 
freshly to mind. Such is the quality of countries which are stamped by 
the seal of history. To know the regions upon which the eyes of Cham- 
plain rested, to press under foot the fragments of palisades upon which 
was spilled the blood of the soldiers of Montcalm, is assuredly a moving 
experience." 

The speaker found that a visit to places thus endowed with associa- 
tions, was like reviewing history condensed. He sketched the course of 
history in the Champlam valley, recalled the scenes of strife between 
Iroquois and Huron. English and French, English and "Americans of 
the Union." " These memories," he said, " crowded upon our thought 
and took form as we visited the scene which served to frame them." The 
speaker lightly reviewed the varied scene as presented to the French 
visitors passing northward from New York to Ticonderoga. When he 



The Champlain Tercentenary 95 

found himself on the battlefield of July 8, 1 758, he exclaimed: " How 
fiction pales before history!" The memories of Montcalm and his army 
are so vivid that he sees agam the memorable conflict of the old days. 
" This corner of historic earth," he said, " by turn the property of the 
State of New York and of Columbia University, in 1818 passed into 
the hands of an old New York family. The descendants of Mr. William 
F. Pell honor themselves in preserving the souvenirs of the past, which 
they have in keeping." He described the work of restoration which has 
been done at Ticonderoga, and dwelt with pleasure on the reception 
accorded the visitors at the old house with its souvenirs, its old furniture, 
pictures and relics, and with its distinctive portico, or veranda, which 
M. de la Blache found an interesting feature of Anglo-American Colonial 
architecture, from New England to Virginia. 

Crossing to Crown Point, he reviewed in like strain the scenes and 
the associations of the place. At Crown Point, the speaker was over- 
whelmed by the memory that here, in 1 609, came Champlain with his 
Algonquin allies. In a few picturesque sentences, he sketched the first 
conflict in this region, of white man against Iroquois, not forgetting to 
emphasize the higher mission which Champlain sought to accomplish. 

Of the exercises which were held at this point, where M. Hanotaux 
delivered a notable address, M. de la Blache spoke at length. It was, 
he said, a ceremony very beautiful in its simplicity. "Around us 
familiarly crowded the people of the neighborhood, worthy farmers 
with something of a Puritan aspect, an attentive throng in which mingled 
many French Canadians; for we had come near to the actual boundary 
line of the languages." " While the orator recalled the expressions by 
which Champlain described the country which revealed itself to us, our 
attention sought and found the distinctive features in the setting of this 
scene. Opposite, on the western shore, reared the massive granite of the 
Adirondacks, wooded, and partly covered with snow, the silhouette of 
which recalled, in grander proportion, that of the mountains of Morvan, 
seen from the south. On the other side, the more distant outline of the 
Green mountains, bathed in the luminous calm of a spring-time day." 



96 State of New York 

In similar vein, the speaker described his progress down the lake to 
Plattsburgh, where he recalled the associations of 1814. Thence on to 
the first Canadian town of St. John: "The fading day permitted us 
only to dimly see in the shadows of evening the Grand Isle, Isle La 
Motte, Isle aux Noix, which Champlain describes as ' These beautiful 
islands filled with the finest woods and prairies,' " etc. The speaker 
passed on in his address to recall his visit to Montreal and Quebec, with 
tributes to the heroes of France who have made this region famous. 
" There remains to-day in our minds," he says, " a sentiment of high 
regard for those who inspired in 1909 the commemoration of the ter- 
centenary of Champlain's discovery. Resulting from the initiative of 
The states of New York and Vermont, and endorsed by Federal au- 
thority and later honored by the participation of France, this celebration 
has taken a more general character than the mere glorification of a great 
man. It signifies the adoption by America of all the heroes who have 
contributed to our greatness. This homage was not confined to Cham- 
plain; it is shared with Montcalm, it is addressed to La Salle, to Mar- 
quette, whose statue appears in the Capitol at Washington; to Maison- 
neuve, the founder of Montreal, to whom is reared a statue upon one of 
the city places; to La Clede, whose statue is reared in one of the parks 
of St. Louis; to Joliet, to d'Iberville, to Hennepin and Duluth, and to 
many others who, on Lake Champlain, on the Ohio, on the Great Lakes, 
or on the Mississippi, were the pioneers of a dominion, which should come 
to be realized some day, but far after them and otherwise than they 
would have conceived. Doubtless America honors herself in honoring 
and adopting our glories. With this act of courtesy mingles a strong 
sentiment of pride. It costs us nothing, however, to associate ourselves 
with an homage which concerns us, and from which we can draw a 
sense of consolation. 

" The names which I have recalled are more popular in America than 
in their own country. We show ourselves forgetful of their fame, as if 
to make their memories bear the blame of our failings. A somewhat 
pusillanimous feeling makes us neglect this part of our historic inheritance, 



The Champlain Tercentenary 97 

as one turns aside from painful memories, the bitterness of which he fears. 
These regrets assuredly are justified. 'Sic vos non vobis': such is the 
phrase which springs to the lips. I do not believe, however, that such 
should be the last word, nor the final sentiment at which we ought to 
stop. In an address delivered three years ago, July 4, 1909, on the 
occasion of the Champlain Tercentenary fetes. Cardinal Gibbons said: 
' We are much indebted to France for the great men whom she has sent 
to our country.' Must one see in these words only a passing compliment? 
Rather do I perceive therein the emphasis of history. These Frenchmen, 
above all others, had prophetic vision of the extent and dimensions which 
this continent could afford to political domination. They perceived with 
larger vision than the tenacious colonists who applied their Puritan virtue 
and their practical sense to inlaying their settlements, one by one, between 
the sea and the Appalachians. These were the founders; but we may 
ask whether, without the perspectives opened by our countrymen, with- 
out their example and the emulation which it stimulated, this powerful 
unity, of which our epoch has seen the accomplishment from the Atlantic 
to the Pacific, from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico, would be 
realized. There is a something in the views, the plans, of this generalizing 
spirit, characteristic of our compatriots. Thinking of France, they have 
outlived the grandeur of the United States. Since by commemorations 
and by monuments, America honors herself by reminding us that in her 
eyes, as happy inheritor, a part of her present grandeur is the work of 
Frenchmen of other days, it becomes us to take her at her word. In the 
work of civilization, as it evolves, each bit of metal which the old nations 
throw into the crucible adds a quality and communicates its own resonance 
to the ingot which comes out. Doubtless it is to recover this past, which 
arouses hope within us — something besides the memory of deceit, the 
sense of having lost what the heroic contemporaries of Richelieu and 
Colbert caught sight of, for their country. Our American work is not 
to be summed up as a failure. It is the Americans themselves who 
recognize this and who say it." 
8 



VIII. IMPRESSIONS OF M. RENE BAZIN 

90 



VIII. IMPRESSIONS OF M. REN£ BAZIN 

IN the Revue des Deux Mondes for September, 1912, is published a 
pleasant article by M. Rene Bazin, of the French Academy, entitled 
" Paysages d'Amerique," in which he gives a graphic and poetic 
account of his American visit as a member of the French delegation, which 
presented the statue of France for the Champlam memorial. He tells 
of the voyage, paints vividly his first impressions of New York, chats of 
his visit to Washington, with many fresh impressions of scenes and people. 
His article, which is in journal form, brings him to Lake Champlain, 
May 3, 1912. After noting various incidents of the journey north, 
he continues: 

Since last evening we have traveled by special train to the banks of Lake Cham- 
plain. Early this morning, the sensation of being still awoke me. I opened the 
window of the Pullman and saw that we were stopped on a siding, in the open 
country. Day was breaking; the sun had not yet risen. Before me, at the right 
of the railroad, were low lands, grassy, wild, like neglected pastures. Further on, 
a great house under the elms, and further yet the waters of the lake, the gleam of 
which came to me in rays between the white mists which rolled up. The silence was 
perfect. It was the season, already past with us, when the blackbirds at day-break 
poise themselves on the top of the trees. 

Nothing was lacking. The outlines of the hills beyond the lake and above the 
mists, were of a vivid blue, and, suddenly, the globe of the sun showed itself. 
Presently a great heron, seeking the woods, came on wing, his legs like a rudder, 
and crossed over the bank. I hear the sound of the beats of his short wings; I hear 
the coming of a train on the distant horizon, and the noise is so sharp that it makes 
me realize the immensity of the land through which it spreads. Primitive peace is 
still here. I go out; I notice at the left of the line the successive level of wooded 
hills, the highest of which have the appearance of mountains. These are the Adiron- 
dacks. They call them " Green Mountains " in the country. But they look out 
upon the morning and the myriads of buds massed together clothe them in purple. 
Oaks, perhaps; probably maples; this beautiful maple which has two red seasons. 

About eight o'clock automobiles come for us. I get into the first, with Hanotaux 
and two others of our companions. We have not a long road to go. On one side, 

101 



102 State of New York 



clear woodland; a short approach, a turning to the left, a fine descending curve 
planted with green trees, and we are before the steps of a great villa on the shores 
of the lake. Our hosts for the morning, Mr. and Mrs. S. H. P. Pell, came to us on 
the veranda. The automobiles stop and at once a little boom of cannon is heard 
ahead of us. We look in the direction whence the shot comes and we see the grass 
of the field all starred with tricolor flags. A second automobile arrives. It is 
saluted as were ourselves. In the fine house, — very well lighted, very white, orna- 
mented with family portraits and with old engravings representing scenes of other 
days in this place so enriched in history, we are greeted with a graciousness and a 
knowledge of the world which is manifested through a considerate and sincere heart. 
There are some moments in which plain people and simple actions become argu- 
ments in favor of a country. I shall never again hear the American spirit ill- 
spoken of without recalling the hospitality of the Americans of Ticonderoga. The 
name is an Indian name of the fortress which was entrusted by Louis XV. to the 
Marquis de Montcalm. The French have said, say, and will say, " Carillon." 
At Carillon, July 8, 1 758, the Marquis de Montcalm had only 3,570 regulars, 87 
marines, 85 Canadians, and 16 Indians, under his command, — that is to say, 3,758 
soldiers. But he was entrenched in the woods and he had a refuge in case of need. 
Abercromby commanded an army of 1 6,500 men and he came on to conquer this 
feeble enemy and to establish finally English dominion over Canada. The hour 
was not yet come. Once more, although the enemy was brave and determined, 
France with unequal arms was victorious. 

Entering Mr. Pell's house, we were reminded of this date, these figures, and of 
their fine significance. We remembered that in this forest where we are, Montcalm in 
early morning, throwing off his jacket and crouching under the branches of a tree, 
said to his men who labored to gather the stones for the intrenchments, " Children, 
the day will be hot! " We recall that at evening in the same place, as the fading 
light of day was prolonged by the reflection of the lake, he wrote: " What a day 
for France I The little army of the King conquers his enemies. Ah, what troops like 
ours! I have never seen their equal! 

In how many parts of the world, among others, cannot memory speak to us 
thus softly of the glory of our arms! But what is delicious here is that a foreign 
family which entertains us, also remembers, and that it understands, and that it 
recognizes something beyond the mere history. 

While they served us with a well-ordered breakfast — there were even fruits 
from California and Florida in aromatic wine — our hosts and the parents of our 
hosts spoke to us of that France that they know and love, of Cartier, of Roberval, 
of Champlain, " father of the aborigines," of the missionaries, of Frontenac, of 



The Champlain Tercentenary 103 



Vaudreuil and of Montcalm. These names lived again and those of their 
adversaries. 

We learned that Mr. Pell has sought to buy all the lands around Ticonderoga 
Vifhere the French and English fought, so that no one shall build a hotel there and 
lessen the sacred character of this landscape. Is it not a fine stroke, and does he 
belong by chance to this " material civilization," of which they have made in respect 
to Americans so much reproach, so much hard compliment? We go out of the 
house; we cross the field, and, the ground falling away a little, we are in front of a 
square fortress of stone, protected by ditches. The proprietors have restored it, 
but the great part of these old stones are truly stones of war, and the black rafters 
of the chambers have become browTi by the smoke of pipes which were lighted in 
the hard winter of this climate by the lost and almost abandoned children of the 
regiments of France. 

One thinks of the reproaches which they would have made to the news brought 
by the Indians, to the wind which howled, to the snow storm. . .The fort is deco- 
rated in our honor. On its front, a bronze plaque bears this inscription: " Germain 
redoubt constructed by captain Germain, regiment des Gardes de la Reine, in I 758, 
by order of the marquis de Montcalm, in command of the forteress of Carillon." 

The extent of the old covered way, cut through to-day, brings us to the interior 
of the earthworks. Before us, at 500 meters, high glacis crown the hill and conceal 
just at the roof line a construction which would have served as quarters for the 
officers. I notice two flags waving at the end of two great flagstaffs, and more 
below, like a basket of violets moving, for the wind is brisk, where they have been 
planted. But no one explains to me yet what we have come to see, and Mr. Pell, 
who walks with me, stooping, picks a woolly leaf of a wild plant, and says to me: 
" Keep it as souvenir. Right here, some years ago, we set out to make an exca- 
vation. At the first stroke of the pick the workmen uncovered some bodies clothed 
in trimmed uniforms. They were immediately ordered to cover them up and not 
to disturb them." We were moved. I continued to ascend the hill. One has to 
turn a little to find the entrance into the fortress of Carillon. A dozen cannon 
outside are still pointed towards the lake and towards the little neighboring mountain, 
" The mount of France ' which drew the English artillery. I enter the enclosure 
of the fortress. It is trimmed up. It awaits France. Ah, see who has come — 
La France! and she sees in front of the wall of Montcalm's old quarters, ten 
silken standards which the wind lifts and lets fall heavily on the staffs; violet 
squares bordered with white, blue panels barred with red, many-colored banners, all 
the standards of the regiments of France which were represented at the battle of 
Carillon. The victorious colors live again in the light, and a little above, domi- 



104 State of New York 



nating the broken walls and the roofs, two great flags protect the others, command 
them and explain them; the starry flag of young America and the banner of 
ancient France, all white and strewn with Fleur-de-lis. My eyes (ill with tears, 
and I really think that two tears have fallen. I am sure that they said. " Long 
live this American who has a deep heart." They say still other things and I 
feel myself living wholly in the France of other days. 

The house of the fort has become a museum; swords, guns, ammunition, letters, 
keys, spades which were broken in throwing up the entrenchments, engravings of 
several periods, are there hung on the walls or arranged in showcases; even an old 
watch, which the journal of the fortress, likewise preserved, states, had been lost 
among the ruins. We linger there and I notice that our traveling companions speak 
less as time passes. But when we have made the round of the walls of Carillon 
and when we notice in the full light of ten o'clock in the morning all the country 
which the old fort commands, words come again; joy, also; the ground descends 
from there down to the lake, narrow at this point; the hills rise gradually and the 
blue of the distance defines itself in clear lines upon the pale azure of the horizon. 
Some one says: " Do you not notice how that resembles the plain of Pau, as seen 
from the terrace? " Indeed, if I efface from my memory the image of blue waters, 
which the waters of Lake Champlain disturbed by the melting snows do not at all 
resemble, and which do not reflect the sky, the two landscapes have a similarity. 
Even the atmosphere is transparent here, revealing the elevated conformation of the 
distance. Another of our companions, who soon notices the extended form of the 
lake and the color of the trees on the lower level, says, almost at the same moment, 
" I believe I see the Vosges with Retournemer and Longemer." In other ways we 
recognize here French harmonies. 

Some hours later, we are on a point of land quite far from the fort of Carillon, 
at the foot of a white stone lighthouse. The light overlooks a stretch of bad rock 
land, standing in the midst of low places and fields which stretch out behind it. 
What a desert this would be, and from the origin of the world, this spur on which 
break the short waves of Lake Champlain! 

But to-day the people of the American towns, those who live in the Adirondack*, 
those from the other side of the water, miners, farmers, and various workers, or 
trout fishers, who have come to prepare for the coming season, have assembled at 
Crown Point Forts. Some horses, picketed, browse in the fields; others are hitched to 
the branches of a hawthorne — the remains, perhaps of an old plantation, set out 
by the hand of a jealous old French soldier. Some American carriages, a little seal 
on four very light wheels; some wagons, twenty automobiles, are scattered on the 
grass, while around the lighthouse, on all the levels of the rock, are seated upon 



The Champlain Tercentenary 105 



benches or on the ground a mixed population, intimate, badly controlling the children 
who race around like young quail; listening, understanding — or pretending to 
understand — the speeches which glorify Champlain. The bronze medallion which 
represents France, the work of Rodin, brought by us, is already set in its niche in 
front. The wind blows; it causes to vibrate the ten cords stretched from the 
lantern of the lighthouse to the ground in a crown, and flaps the big canopy and 
all the flags which ornament it. And as my mind wanders when the speeches are 
in English, I listen to what the flags are saying: 

" Do you see them, these people seated in the front row? They don't belong 
here." 

"It's plain that they don't belong here. You're not saying much of anything: 
Are they tanned by the open air? Have they the free and easy way of the 
American citizen?" 

" I suppose that they are from Paris?" 

" You have a very simple way of being sure of it, my dear. Did you ever 
hear such a noise! Listen! When they are from Paris, there is never any lack 
of talk!" 

" — Precisely, the orator proclaims himself; he comes from Paris." 

" Not of great extent, this France?" 

" Not very formidable?" 

One flag, smoke-blackened, said: 

" Not very serious?" 

Then, the English flag, which had said nothing, snapped a blow so sharp that 
a whip wouldn't have been better. 

" Very serious, my dear. I've known the French. I've known the French at a 
time when you were not such a much, be it said without offense to you. I have 
known Champlain. He had a jovial way. He was usually pleasant. The 
Indians said of him: 'We like to hear you speak. You always have something 
pleasant to say.' But, believe me, I understood him: it was as a colonial and a 
rough adversary, I say adversary, because that is the name that one gives to his 
old enemies when they have become his friends, you understand? 

" Pretty well." 

I leave the flags, ruffling. I think of this brave man, whose fete this is, at this 
moment, in his little sleepy and grass-grown town of Brouage: of the dreams of 
glory that were his, all youthful, like those of a good many men of his time, and 
which he accomplished because he had a heart capable of suffering for his love. 
For he loved France. He left her, the better to serve her. He bore with him, to 
the West Indies, and afterwards to Canada, a poor companion, a perfect and 



106 State of New York 



holy image. Almost alone among the savages, having carried upon his strong 
shoulders, oars, provisions and the blanket for his bed at night, enured to heat, to 
cold, to mosquitoes, to long exiles and the perpetual treason of men, over these 
identical grounds where we now are, he made his way to discovery, beholding a 
new world reveal itself about him, and giving it to his Lord in heaven, as he gave 
It to his King, secretly, hourly, by each glance with which he took possession of 
this unknown world. For he says: " Kings should not think of extending their domi- 
nation in infidel lands, except to establish there the reign of Christ." Commerce 
was not forgotten. But what superior humanity ! It is still living, only disregarded. 
Champlain has passed here. I realize that this landscape has been reflected in his 
eyes as it is in mine. This landscape? Is it indeed sure? Where are the trusty 
witnesses? Not the meadow, which is new. Not the trees, too young for him to 
have knovsTi, nor the waters, which have changed, nor the clouds, nor even the 
ancestors of the spectators assembled on this strand. We can scarcely say that the 
movement of the sun sang as to-day, the same verse in the hymn universal." 

M. Bazin concludes with a running account of his continued journey 
to Montreal and Quebec, recalling at length their wealth of historic 
associations. 



IX. COMMENT IN APPRECIATION OF THE VISIT OF 
THE FRENCH DELEGATION AND HONORS 
CONFERRED 



107 



IX. COMMENT IN APPRECIATION OF THE VISIT OF 
THE FRENCH DELEGATION AND HONORS 
CONFERRED 

THE mission of the French delegation proved to be of far deeper 
import, than the mere presentation of the Rodin bust, gratifying to 
Americans as was that superb gift on the part of its donors. It 
awakened in the people of this country, quite as much as it did in the mem- 
bers of that delegation, renewed interest in the activities and achievements 
of the peoples of the two Republics, which are the foremost democracies 
of the world. M. Hanotaux, a scholar, a statesman and a diplomat 
and his distinguished colleagues, are among the foremost citizens of 
France. They represented the several departments of the Government 
as well as the various trades and professions in the civil life of that 
Republic. Commerce and industries were represented by M. Antoine 
Girard, Counsellor of Foreign Commerce. Their reputation had long 
been established in science, in literature and in the fine arts and also in 
jurisprudence, in statesmanship and in diplomacy, as exemplified in the 
genial and charming personality of Ambassador Jusserand. They are 
among the present day celebrities of the French nation and were invited 
to become members of the Embassy on account of their individual 
standing in the official, social and intellectual life of that Republic. 

One cannot read their addresses and their reports to Paris of the 
impressions, which they formed on their visit to America, without 
appreciating the spontaneity of their tributes to the American people and 
to their institutions, the warmth of their expressions of good will and 
generous impulses towards the people of this nation and their gratitude 
for the deep interest shown by the people of the United States, and 
especially by those of Vermont and New York, in commemorating the 
achievements and the character of one of their countrymen. 

The unreported addresses of Baron D'Estournelle de Constant, 
member of the French Senate and the representative of France at the 

109 



no State of New York 

Hague International Peace Tribunal, and of M. Louis Barthou, 
ex-Minister of Justice and one of the leading Parliamentarians of the 
Chamber of Deputies, will long be remembered for their urbanity, for 
the breadth of their views, and for the brilliancy of their eloquent periods. 
TTie addresses of M. Hanotaux and others and the foregoing reports of 
Gaston Deschamps, of M. de la Blache, the geographer of the University 
of Paris, and of Rene Bazin, of the French Academy, disclose the char- 
acter and beauty of the style of the French litterateurs. Wherever the 
members of the delegation went, they were gratefully welcomed and 
entertained in stately manner. The social functions taxed the powers 
of endurance on the part of the visitors to their full extent. They made 
hosts of friends and gave Americans opportunity to meet them and to 
become acquainted with gentlemen and ladies possessed of the rare 
culture and refinement of French life. Their visit was timely and did 
much to strengthen the ties that bind the peoples of the two Republics 
in friendly accord. They made an impression on the people of this 
country that will be quite as enduring as the bronze testimonial of the 
good will of the people of France towards those of the United States, 
firmly set in the granite base of the Champlciin Memorial at Crown 
Point Forts and there was voiced by the friends, whom they made in 
America, the sentiment, Vive la France. 

Some months after the return of the French delegation to France, 
Commissioner Walter C. Witherbee was appointed by the President of 
the French Republic a Knight of the Legion of Honor, which was 
formally and appreciatively acknowledged by this Commission. 

Knighthood in the Legion of Honor was also conferred by the Presi- 
dent of France upon Hon. Frank S. Witherbee, a member of Prelim- 
inary Champlain Commission and President of the Lake Champlain 
Association, which participated in the entertainment of the French dele- 
gation at the Waldorf-Astoria banquet on May 1, 1912. 

Hon. A. Barton Hepburn, President of the Chamber of Commerce 
of the State of New York, which entertained the French delegation at 



The Champlain Tercentenary 1 1 1 

luncheon on May 2, 1912, has recently been decorated by the President 
of France with the honorary rank of Officer in the Legion of Honor. 

The French Government has recently presented to Honorable 
Charles B. Alexander, member of the Society of the Cincinnati, who gave 
a reception on April 30, 1912, to the French delegation in his beautiful 
home at No. 4 West 58th Street, New York City, the artistic Sevres 
bisque group of national manufacture, known as *' Telemaque chez 
Calypso," by the sculptor, M. Louis Simon Boizot. 

Knighthood in the Legion of Honor was also conferred by the Presi- 
dent of the Republic of France upon President John H. Finley of the 
College of the City of New York, who has taken deep interest in the 
life of Samuel Champlain and in French colonization in America. His 
felicitous remarks at the Waldorf-Astoria banquet on May 1 , 1 91 2, were 
genuinely appreciated by Ambassador Jusserand, the members of the 
French delegation, and all others in attendance. President Finley was 
the Harvard Exchange lecturer under the Hyde Foundation in 1910 at 
the University of Paris and at ten other French universities. 

In February, 1913, His Excellency, Raymond Poincare, President of 
the Republic of France, appointed Henry W. Hill, Secretary of the 
New York Lake Champlain Tercentenary Commission, a Knight of 
the Legion of Honor, in recognition of his public, literary and other 
services in connection with the Tercentenary Celebration from its incep- 
tion in 1907 to the conclusion of the Final Report of the Commission 
in 1913. 

These delicate and touching expressions of appreciation on the part of 
President Fallieres, President Poincare, Ambassador Jusserand and the 
citizens of France of the courtesies shown to the members of the French 
delegation, while in the United States, are still further evidences of the 
warmth of the kindly feelings existing between the people of that Republic 
and those of this nation, and are gratefully appreciated. 



Part Two 



DEDICATORY CEREMONIES 
9 113 



I. PREPARATION FOR DEDICATORY CEREMONIES. 
INCLUDING MILITARY FEATURES 

115 



I. PREPARATION FOR DEDICATORY CEREMONIES. 
INCLUDING MILITARY FEATURES 

THE Commission decided to have the dedicatory ceremonies of the 
Crown Point memorial on July 5, 1912, and of the Plattsburgh 
memorial on July 6, 1912, the anniversary week of the Tercen- 
tenary Celebration. Formal invitations to the dedicatory ceremonies of 
the Crown Point memorial were sent by the New York and Vermont 
Lake Champlain Commissions, and to the dedicatory exercises of the 
Plattsburgh memorial, by the New York Commission, to the President 
and Vice-President of the United States, to the United States Senators 
of New York and Vermont, to the members of Congress from the Cham- 
plain valley, to the French Ambassador, His Excellency, J. J. Jus- 
serand, the British Ambassador, the Right Honorable James Bryce and 
to Count and Countess de Peretti de la Rocca and to M. Maugras, 
members of the French Embassy and to members of the British Embassy 
at Washington, to the Governors, Lieutenant-Governors and other 
officials of New York and Vermont, including Hon. William Sohmer, 
State Comptroller, Hon. Andrew S. Draper, State Commissioner of 
Education, Hon. Henry W. Hoefer, State Architect, Major-General 
John F. O'Ryan, Adjutant-General William Verbeck and Hon. James 
A. Holden, State Historian, Hon. John A. Bensel, State Engineer and 
Surveyor, to prominent members of the State Legislature, to Justice 
Charles E. Hughes, former Governor of New York, to Hon. George 
H. Prouty, former Governor of Vermont, to Col. Calvin D. Cowles, 
to Hon. Frank S. Witherbee, President of the Champlain Asso- 
ciation, to Percival Wilds, Secretary of that Association, to Mr. 
Stephen H. P. Pell, to Hon. James A. Roberts, President of the New 
York State Historical Association, to Frederick B. Richards, Secretary 
of the New York State Historical Association, to Dr. George F. Kunz, 
President of the American Scenic and Historic Preservation Society, to 
Hon. Charles B. Alexander, to Hon. McDougall Hawkes, to Carl A. 
Heber, the sculptor, to Paul Faguet of the French Line, to Hon. William 

117 



118 State of New York 



Cary Sanger, to Hon. Francis Lynde Stetson, Hon. Robert Roberts, to 
Hon. Job E. Hedges, to President Guy Potter Benton, LL. D., of the 
University of Vermont, to President John M. Thomas, D. D., of Mid- 
dlebury College, to President Charles H. Spooner, Ph. D., of Norwich 
University, and to others, in addition to the invitations sent to members of 
the New York and Vermont Tercentenary Commissions, and to some 
prominent citizens of Vermont. 

The special invitations included in most Instances the ladies of the 
gentlemen so invited and they were present at all the exercises. 

The Board of Governors of the Lake Champlain Association through 
its Secretary, Percival Wilds, sent to its members notice they were in- 
vited to the dedicatory exercises and to accompany the guests on the 
steamer " Ticonderoga " through the lake. 

President Frank S. Witherbee and many members of the Association 
were present at the dedicatory ceremonies of the Crown Point and the 
Plattsburgh memorials. The officers and members of the Lake Cham- 
plain Association took a deep interest in the Tercentenary celebration 
and from time to time rendered assistance to the Tercentenary Com- 
missioners in various ways, and especially so in assuming the responsibility 
and conduct of the banquet to the French delegation at the Waldorf- 
Astoria in New York City on May I, 1912. 

In arranging for the dedicatory exercises, no effort was made to 
augment the attendance, nor to rival in elaboration the programme of the 
Tercentenary celebration of 1909. 

All that remained on this occasion for the Lake Champlain Tercen- 
tenary Commissioners to do was to turn over formally to the properly 
constituted authorities the Champlain memorials, which had been con- 
structed pursuant to law at Crown Point Forts and at Plattsburgh. The 
exercises, therefore, were planned with that end in view. They were 
dignified and stately, but did not extend beyond the formal presentation 
and acceptances of the memorials as will appear from the record that 
follows. The President, Vice-President, United States Senators, 
Foreign Ambassadors and some other specially invited guests were unable 



The Champlain Tercentenary 1 1 9 

to attend on account of the prolonged second session of the Sixty-second 
Congress, or absence from the country, at the time of the dedicatory 
ceremonies, to the regret of the members of the Commissions and the 
people of the Champlain valley. The participation of these officials of 
the United States, France and Great Britain in the Tercentenary exercises 
had added national as well as international stateliness to that com- 
memorative celebration, still fresh in the memory of all who chanced to 
witness it. The unavoidable absence of these distinguished guests was 
in a measure compensated for, however, in the presence of their repre- 
sentatives, who contributed much to the success of the dedicatory cere- 
monies. All arrangements were carried forward for the dedication of 
the Crown Point memorial by Commissioners Witherbee, Knapp, Pell, 
Lafontaine and Shea with all the forethought and care that had char- 
acterized their painstaking efforts from the first. Commissioner Hill, 
and President John M. Thomas of the Vermont Commission 
planned the programme and secured the speakers. Commissioners Booth, 
Riley, Weaver and Knapp were no less vigilant in preparing for the 
dedicatory ceremonies of the Plattsburgh Champlain Memorial. In 
this they were materially assisted by the mayor of the city, the Chamber 
of Commerce and the people of Plattsburgh as well as by Colonel Calvin 
D. Cowles of the Fifth U. S. Infantry, stationed at Plattsburgh Bar- 
racks. The people of Plattsburgh purchased and improved the site for 
the Champlain memorial, decorated the streets for the dedicatory ex- 
ercises, provided automobiles for the visitors to make a tour of the city 
and aided the Tercentenary Commissioners in other ways in carrying to 
a successful conclusion the dedicatory ceremonies. 

TTie attendance at both the Crown Point and the Plattsburgh exercises 
was thoroughly representative of the people of the Champlain valley, 
though not as large as at the Tercentenary exercises. The steamer 
" Ticonderoga " was chartered by the New York Tercentenary Com- 
mission and brought the invited guests from Plattsburgh, Burlington and 
Port Henry. After the exercises at Crown Point Forts, the " Ticon- 
deroga " took the guests back to their several destinations and the members 



120 State of New York 

of the Tercentenary Commissions to Bluff Point, where they registered 
at the new Hotel Champlain. 

The military features of the dedicatory ceremonies are given in the 
following report of the Military Committee: 

The military features of the ceremonies attending the dedication of 
the Champlain Memorial Lighthouse at Crown Point, N. Y., July 5, 
1912, and the unveiling of the Statue of Champlain at Plattsburgh, 
N. Y., July 6, 1912, were on a much smaller scale than those of the 
celebration of 1909, but the presence of the United States and State 
troops added greatly to the dignity of the ceremonies at both places. 
When the chartered steamboat " Ticonderoga " left the dock at Port 
Henry at 1 1 :30 A. M., July 5th, Governor John A. Dix and the fol- 
lowing members of his staff were on board: 

Brigadier-General William Verbeck, The Adjutant-General, S. N. Y. 
Lieutenant-Commander Eckford Craven de Kay, Military Secretary to the 

Governor. 
Commander Russell Raynor, First Battahon, N. M. 
Commander Edward H. Snyder, 47th Infantry, N. G., N. Y. 
Captain Walter S. Gibson. 74th Infantry. N. G., N. Y. 
Captain Charles Curie, First Cavalry, N. G.. N. Y. 
First Lieutenant Griswold Green. Aide, Third Brigade, N. G., N. Y. 
First Lieutenant Harry S. Underwood, Aide, Third Brigade, N. G., N. Y. 

Major-General John F. O'Ryan, N. G., N. Y.. came up on the 
special car from New York and was the guest of the Commission until 
evening, when he was obliged to return to review the Sixty-ninth Regi- 
ment. N. G., N. Y. 

Governor John A. Mead of Vermont was unable to be present but 
was represented by: 

Lee S. Tillotson, The Adjutant-General, representing the Governor. 
Colonel D. L. Morgan. Aide-de-Camp. 
Major H. R. Kingsley, Military Secretary. 

First Lieutenant John B. Barnes. U. S. Infantry. Inspector-Instructor. Organ- 
ized Militia of Vermont. 








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The Champlain Tercentenary 121 

Company " M." 1st Infantry, N. G.. Vt., Captain J. M. Ashley 
commanding, and forty enlisted men came down from Burlington on the 
steamboat. 

TTie 9th Separate Company of Whitehall, or Company " I," 2d 
Infantry, N. C, N. Y., went into camp at the Lake House, Crown 
Point Village, on July 4th, and proceeded on a ferryboat ecirly in the 
morning of the 5th to the Crown Point Forts. Captain R. G. Hays was 
in command with First Lieutenant J. J. Kelly, Second Lieutenant Dewey 
A. Forbush, and fifty enlisted men 

CROWN POINT FORTS 

On the arrival of the " Ticonderoga " at the wharf at the Champlain 
Memorial Lighthouse, Crown Point, N. Y., Captain Hays' Company 
was drawn up in line to receive the guests. Captain Ashley's Company 
marched off the boat preceded by the Port Henry Band. Governor 
Dix, the Tercentennial Commissioners and the invited guests followed 
and the line of march was formed under escort of the two companies. 
Company " I " being on the right. The column then proceeded to 
the English forts, where the bronze memorial tablet presented to the State 
by the Society of Colonial Wars in the State of New York was unveiled 
by Miss Evelyn Witherbee. The two companies were drawn up to the 
right and left of the tablet which was guarded by a sergeant from Com- 
pany " I." At the conclusion of the brief ceremonies, the column re- 
turned to the wharf, where the invited guests boarded the steamboat for 
luncheon while the troops bivouacked on the shore. At 1 :30 P. M. the 
companies were drawn up in line near the Lighthouse, Company " I " 
being on the New York side of the Government Reservation, and Com- 
pany " M " on the side toward Vermont. At the conclusion of the 
ceremonies Company " I " returned to their camp, on the ferryboat, and 
Company " M " boarded the " Ticonderoga " to be landed at 
Burlington. 



122 State of New York 



PLATTSBURGH 

At 10 a. M., July 6th, Governor Dix, the Tercentenary Commissioners 
and the invited guests were present at a review of the Fifth Infantry, 
U. S. A., at Plattsburgh Barracks, ordered in their honor by Colonel 
Calvin D. Cowles, Commanding Officer of the Post. As Governor 
Dix approached the reviewing stand, the regulation salute of seventeen 
guns was fired. At 1 :30 P. M. the regiment escorted the party from the 
hotel through the streets of Plattsburgh to the new Champlain Park, 
where line was formed and the proper salutes given. At the conclusion 
of the ceremonies of the unveiling of the Champlain Monument, the 
regiment returned to its quarters. The names of the officers and number 
of enlisted men, including the band, participating in the ceremonies are 
as follows: 

Colonel Calvin D. Cowles, Fifth Infantry; Major William F. Martin, Fifth 
Infantry; Major Armand I. Lasseigne, Fifth Infantry; Major Peter C. Harris, 
Fifth Infantry; Chaplain Horace A. Chouinard, Fifth Infantry; Captain Edward 
Sigerfoos, Adjutant, Fifth Infantry; Captain William D. Davis, Quarter-Master, 
Fifth Infantry; Captain Girard Slurtevant, Fifth Infantry; Captain Robert Field, 
Commissary, Fifth Infantry; Caqplain Robert E. Frith, Fifth Infantry; Captain 
Clement A. Trolt, Fifth Infantry; Captain Ralph McCoy, Fifth Infantry; Captain 
Howard C. Price, Fifth Infantry; First Lieutenant Leonard J. Mygatt, Fifth In- 
fantry; First Lieutenant Auswell E. Deitsch, Fifth Infantry; First Lieutenant Sydney 
H. Hopson, Fifth Infantry; First Lieutenant Will D. Wills, Fifth Infantry; First 
Lieutenant Daniel A. Nolan, Battalion Adjutant, Fifth Infantry ; First Lieutenant 
James E. McDonald, Fifth Infantry; First Lieutenant Deshler Whiting, Fifth In- 
fantry; First Lieutenant Walton Goodwin, Jr., Fifth Infantry; First Lieutenant 
Thomas L. Crystal, Battalion Adjutant, Fifth Infantry; Second Lieutenant Charles 
F. White, Fifth Infantry; Second Lieutenant Alfred H. Erck, Fifth Infantry; 
Second Lieutenant Oliver A. Dickinson, Fifth Infantry; Second Lieutenant John 
M. McDowell, Fifth Infantry; Second Lieutenant Thompson Lawrence, Fifth 
Infantry; Second Lieutenant Sumner Waite, Fifth Infantry — 714 enlisted men. 

HowLAND Pell, 

Chairman. 



II. UNVEILING TABLET AT THE ENGLISH FORT 

123 



II. UNVEILING TABLET AT THE ENGLISH FORT. 

UPON reaching Crown Point Forts, a tablet was unveiled on the 
walls of the old Barracks at the English fort, built by General 
Amherst and occasionally called " Fort Amherst," by members 
of the Society of Colonial Wars, which was witnessed by the Cham- 
plain Commissioners and the large assemblage of people. The following 
report of the Tablet Committee is of historical interest : 

REPORT OF THE TABLET COMMITTEE 

To the members of the Society of Colonial Wars, in the State of New 
York, your committee beg to report that the tablet has been designed, 
cast and erected on the walls of the old Barracks at Fort Amherst in 
the State Reservation at Crown Point, New York. 

The design was drawn and the details of modeling were carried out 
under the supervision of Mr. Walter B. Chambers, of the committee. 
TTie sculptor who made the Tablet was Mr. Herman Wurth. 

The tablet was unveiled with appropriate ceremony on Friday, July 5, 
1912, on the occasion of the dedication of the Champlain Memorial 
Lighthouse, erected by the states of New York and Vermont, at 
Crown Point, N. Y. 

The members of the Society were guests of the Tercentenary Com- 
missions on the steamboat " Ticonderoga" leaving Port Henry, New 
York. At 1 I :30 A. M. on the day mentioned, and on landing at Crown 
Point, a procession was formed and led by the Port Henry Band, and 
an escort of Company " I," 2d Regiment, N. G., N. Y., and Company 
" M," N. G., Vt., Governor Dix and staff, Adjutant-General Tillotson 
and staff, representing Governor John A. Mead, of Vermont. 

Major-General John F. O'Ryan, N. G., N. Y., Count and Countess 
de Peretti de la Rocca, and Mr. Maugras, representing the French 
Embassy. 

125 



126 State of New York 

Members of the New York and Vermont Champlain Tercentenary 
Commission, Colonel William Cary Sanger, Governor of our Society, 
Frederick B. Richards, Dr. Reynolds Webb Wilcox, George G. 
Reynolds, Stephen H. P. Pell, and other members of the Society, and 
about one hundred invited guests marched from the wharf to the English 
Fort built under Amherst, where the tablet was handsomely decorated 
with American flags guarded by a soldier of the 2d Regiment. 

Hon. Howland Pell, your chairman, called the meetmg to order, and 
stated that the committee had finished its task, and asked Miss Evelyn 
Witherbee to unveil the tablet. As this was done the band played the 
National air, the troops came to attention, and the audience of several 
thousand applauded. Its inscription showed that the tablet was erected 
by the Society of Colonial Wars in commemoration of the erection of 
the Fortress by Amherst and capture of Fort St. Frederic. 

The chairman then introduced Col. William Cary Sanger, who in a 
few well chosen words presented the tablet to the State of New York. 
Governor Dix then made a brief address, accepting the Tablet and 
placed it in the custody of the New York Historical Association in 
charge of the Reservation. Mr. James A. Holden, Treasurer, and Mr. 
Frederick B. Richards, Secretary, of the Association, accepted the 
charge and made short addresses. Judge Pyrke, of Port Henry, chair- 
man of the local committee, promised to see that the tablet would be 
well cared for. The tablet bears the following inscription: 




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The Champlain Tercentenary 



127 



1759 1912. 

THIS TABLET IS ERECTED BY THE SOCIETY OF COLONIAL 
WARS IN THE STATE OF NEW- YORK A. D. 1912 TO COMMEMO- 
RATE THE CAPTURE OF FORT ST. FREDERIC AND THE EREC- 
TION OF THIS FORTRESS A. D. 1 759 BY THE BRITISH AND PRO- 
VINCIAL ARMY COMMANDED BY GENERAL SIR JEFFREY 
AMHERST 



BRITISH REGIMENTS 

I st or the Royal Regiment of Foot 

1 7th Regiment of Foot " Forbe's " 

27th (Inniskilling) Regiment of Foot 

42d Royal Highlanders — Black Watch 

55th Regiment of Foot, " Prideaux's " 

77th Regiment Montgomery's Highlanders 

80th (Light Armed) — Regiment of 

Foot " Gage's " 

Royal Artillery 

Detachment of Sailors 



PROVINCIAL REGIMENTS 
Col. Lyman's — Connecticut 
Col. Whiting's — Connecticut 
Col. Worcester's — Connecticut 
Col. Fitch's — Connecticut 
Col. Willard's — Massachusetts 
Col. Ruggle's — Massachusetts 
Col. Lovell's — New Hampshire 
Col. Schuyler's — New Jersey 
Col. Babcock's — Rhode Island 
Rangers and Indians. 



The tablet is of the finest bronze, 30 by 24 inches in size, and repre- 
sents a soldier of the Black Watch, and a provincial soldier holding a 
scroll of inscription. General Sir Jeffrey Amherst's head is in the upper 
center, and the insignia of the Society in the lower, the background shows 
the English forts, and a list of the English and American regiments in the 
campaign is given. 

HowLAND Pell. 



Chairman. 



128 State of New York 



Address of Acceptance of Tablet by James Austin Holden, State 
Historian and Treasurer, New York State Historical 
Association 

The tablet was formally accepted for the New York State Historical Associa- 
tion by State Historian James A. Holden of Glens Falls, who is ex-officio a member 
of the committee in charge of the Crown Point Reservation, as well as Treasurer 
of the New York State Historical Association. He spoke briefly as follows: 

Your Excellency, Tercentenary Commissioners, Representatives of Neiv York '""^ 
of Vermont, of France, of Patriotic and Historical Societies, Ladies and Gentlemen: 
It is with great pleasure that I accept on behalf of the New York Historical Asso- 
ciation, the official custodians of the Crown Point Reservation, this beautiful and 
distinctive tablet which has just been presented by the Society of Colonial Wars to 
the State of New York, through you, its Governor. 

It is especially gratifying to the Association to receive it from your hands, for it 
is to you, and your broad and patriotic conception of the duties of the chief executive 
of the State, that our hearty thanks are due for the generous and welcome local 
appropriations which you lately have approved, making so largely for the preserva- 
tion, the maintenance and popularity of the reservation. 

On this torrid July day whose sun's rays reflected from these crumbling walls are 
full as deadly as any of the bullets which blazed forth at them in days of old, my 
words of acceptance must be brief indeed. 

This expressive addition, then, to these historic walls, whose story is rife with 
actions of emprise and derring-do, around which still hover the historic spirits of the 
olden wars, connected with which are the inspiring deeds of the knightly souls of 
Montcalm and Amherst, of Warner and Burgoyne, yes, even of Arnold the patriot, 
not yet the traitor, full of the memories of the now shadowy hosts of white coated 
Bourbons, the red attired British, and the buff and blue covered Revolutionists, we 
accept and assure your Excellency that it shall be our earnest endeavor to prove 
worthy in every way of the confidence reposed in us in making this Association the 
State's representative for this reservation. 

On behalf of the Association I now turn over to the Secretary of the Associa- 
tion the formal care of the tablet, thanking once more your Excellency and all who 
have been concerned in the presentation of this memorial, for giving to the Associa- 
tion this further opportunity to prove its historical usefulness, and to justify its 
being, and for providing this occasion to exemplify practically the purposes for 
which it was founded. 




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The Champlain Tercentenary 129 

Frederick B. Richards, Secretary of the New York State Historical 
Association, at the unveiling of the tablet at Crown Point Forts, N. Y., 
July 5. 1912. said: 

I supplement State Historian Holden because I feel that it will take at least 
two to make up for the absence of our esteemed President, Ex-Comptroller Roberts, 
who was to have represented the New York State Historical Association this 
morning. 

We feel deeply honored that the State has designated our Association as cus- 
todians of this reservation. We are still further honored by being entrusted with 
this beautiful tablet, erected by the Society of Colonial Wars, which, linking as 
it does the past vk^ith the present, adds to the interest of these old ruins. 

I will not detain you longer this morning except to call your attention to one 
feature of the tablet in which I am particularly interested. You wnll notice that 
the list of the regiments is supported on the left by a Highlander, a private of the 
Royal Highlanders as they were known in this campaign, otherwise called the 
42d, " Old Forty-Twa," or the Black Watch. 

The Black Watch, the oldest Highland regiment in the British Army and one 
of the regiments under Amherst who helped to build this old fort, was selected for 
this place of honor because of its unparalleled gallantry in the assault on Fort Ticon- 
deroga under General Abercromby the year before, in which engagement it lost 646, 
killed and wounded, out of a total strength of a thousand men who went into action, 
or a mortality of twice that of the Light Brigade at Balaklava, immortalized by 
Tennyson. 

10 



III. DEDICATORY CEREMONIES OF CHAMPLAIN 
MEMORIAL LIGHTHOUSE AT CROWN POINT 
FORTS JULY 5, 1912 

131 




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III. DEDICATORY CEREMONIES OF CHAMPLAIN 
MEMORIAL LIGHTHOUSE AT CROWN POINT 
FORTS JULY 5, 1912 

AT the appointed hour for the dedicatory ceremonies at Crown Point 
Forts on July 5, 1912, a large multitude had assembled from the 
Champlain valley and from the two states to witness the exercises. 

Seated on the temporary platform in front of the Champlain Memorial 
Lighthouse were: Colonel William Cary Sanger, representing the 
President of the United States, Count de Peretti de la Rocca, repre- 
senting the French Ambassador, Governor John A. Dix of New York, 
Adjutant-General Lee S. Tillotson, representing the Governor of Ver- 
mont, and Commissioners H. Wallace Knapp, Chairman; Henry W. 
Hill, Secretary; Walter C. Witherbee, Treasurer; Senator James A. 
Foley, Judge John B. Riley, Judge John H. Booth, James Shea, Louis 
C. Lafontaine, Howland Pell and William R. Weaver of the New 
York Tercentenary Commission; and Lynn M. Hays, Secretary; Judge 
Frank L. Fish, Treasurer; President John M. Thomas, Walter H. 
Crockett, George T. Jarvis, William J. Van Patten, Arthur F. Stone 
and F. O. Beaupre of the Vermont Lake Champlain Tercentenary 
Commission, and the speakers, invited guests and others. 

The memorial as already stated was not complete in that the bronze 
statuary group was represented by the models, as the bronze work had 
not been put in position. That did not detract, however, from the artistic 
features of the memorial, which were much admired by the assembled 
multitude. The platform and memorial were artistically decorated with 
the flags of the United States. 

TTie programme at the dedicatory ceremonies was the following: 

Hon. H. Wallace Knapp, Chairman of the New York Lake Cham- 
plain Tercentenary Commission, presided : 

133 



134 State of New York 

The exercises were opened with appropriate music by the Sherman 
Military Band of Burlington, Vermont. The following Invocation was 
then pronounced by Rev. Lewis Frjmcis, D.D., of New York City. 

Almighty God, our Heavenly Father, we invoke TTiy blessing as we are gathered 
here to dedicate a monument which has been erected in commemoration of the dis- 
coveries and achievements of one whose name is borne by the beautiful lake on 
whose shores we are assembled. 

We thank Thee for his heroism and his faith, for his loyalty to his beloved 
country and his devotion to God. We thank Thee for his desire not only to plant 
the standard of France upon the land which he had discovered, but also to uplift 
the cross upon it. We thank Thee for the friendship which has existed for many 
years between the two countries which are represented here to-day. May this 
monument, erected by our country in memory of one of the heroes of France, be a 
fresh token of this friendship. 

Let Thy blessing rest upon the two States which have united in making this dedi- 
cation possible. May this monument by its stability remind us of those strong and 
enduring qualities of character which should mark us as nations and individuals. 
May the light which shall shine forth from its summit be a symbol of the light of 
knowledge and of truth which as States and Nations we should seek to give the 
world, which may be both a guide and a warning; and may it bring Him to our 
thought, who is the Light of the world, that walking in His Light we may be guided 
aright through every peril of our lives. 

May the blessing of God the Father, God the Son, and God the Holy Ghost 
rest ufKsn the States and Nations here represented, and upon all of us who have 
assembled here to celebrate this glad event. 

And this we ask in the name of Jesus Christ, our Lord, Amen. 

TTien followed the formal unveiling of the Champlain Memorial 
Lighthouse by Miss Louise G. Witherbee, daughter of Commissioner 
Walter C. Witherbee, as the patriotic strains of the Star Spangled 
Banner were being played by the Port Henry Band. As the memorial 
was exposed to full view, its symmetry and beauty provoked the applause 
of the admiring spectators, who thus saw the fulfillment of their long 
cherished hopes, that there be erected in the Valley a stately memorial 
to Samuel Champlain. Chairman Knapp, in speaking for the New York 




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The Champlain Tercentenary 135 

Tercentenary Commission, thereupon formally presented the memorial to 
the Governor of New York. In doing so he spoke as follows: 

In obedience to the authorization of the Federal Government, the Commissions 
of the States of Vermont and New York have erected on the lands of the United 
States of America, adjacent to the Crown Point Reservation, the specified memorial 
of the discovery of the Champlain valley, and are now acting in the discharge of 
their final duties, with the sincere feeling of gratification that a task so honorable 
has been brought to so happy an ending. 

Our duty has been to do, rather than to speak, and yet it may not be wholly out 
of place to give expression to the general thought, that the light of peace and safety, 
that is to glow from this monument through an unreckoned future, replaces the 
fitful fire of early war. 

The shores that the discoverer scanned with painful daring are no longer dark 
and solitary. He is no longer alone. The temptation to review the events of his 
arrival here are strong, but time forbids, and to do so in detail must be left to the 
ofRcial record. Nor need we in the discharge of our official functions attempt to 
portray the full significance of the deed we now commemorate. We must wait till 
the voice of history speaks, with the judgment of warriors and statesmen, with the 
inspiration of poetry and the reverence of enlightened piety. 

There seem to be moments in the life of every man, when he pauses in his career 
to recall the past and seeks to peer into the future, and so it is appointed for us to do 
to-day. While the daily rush of the outer world passes us by unheedingly in 
appearance, it is yet not truly so. From the day of the first visit of the white man, 
the eyes of the enlightened world have been upon the Champlain valley and the 
attentive good will of all well-wishers of their kind who are vfilh us now. 

It can hardly be said that the present occasion marks the ending of an old epoch 
or the beginning of a new one. Peace has reigned v^dthin our borders for a hundred 
years. It marks rather the recognition of a century of peace as a harbinger of 
still more harmonious conditions for all times between the peoples whose fathers 
struggled here for mastery. It marks the welcoming of a new order of things in 
which the old problems have met their just solution and in which the ancient grudge 
is lost in charity. Standing here beside this monument to the past, and beacon of 
the future, we know that: 

God fulfills Himself in many ways. 
The old order changeth indeed when Vermont and New York live only in service 
to the common good and together place above their monument the emblem of their 
common country. It has long been so, but it was not always so. It is well, per- 
haps, to remember the passing altercations, since they serve now only to demonstrate 



136 State of New York 



how closely and firmly they have drawn together. Surely this water will run clear 
and sweet between them and the light from the tower above all fall upon fraternal 
shores. Vermont has done her duty, and her duty has been a labor of love. With 
such a spirit sitting by our hearthstone, the future of the valley is secure. 

In behalf of the Tercentenary Commission of the State of New York, I thank 
the members of the Tercentenary Commission of the State of Vermont and all their 
associates, for the efficiency of their co-operation in the labors that are now drawing 
to a close. 

Gentlemen of the Executive Departments of the States of Vermont and New 
York, our task is done; the monument before us is at your disposal. In the name 
of the New York Commission I want to thank you and your predecessors in office 
for the aid you have given us, and the effective support we have received from you, 
in the days of our perplexity and discouragement. If any shortcomings of ours 
are to be remembered, kindly bear in mind that it was our heads and not our hearts 
that went astray. 

That these meetings of officials and citizens of the countries that are represented 
here will be repeated, and that the spirit of peace and good will will continue for 
all times is our sincere desire. 

Gentlemen, in pursuance of the authority vested in the New York-Lake Cham- 
plain Tercentenary Commission, we now transfer to your charge the Crown Point 
Memorial Lighthouse. 

President John M. Thomas, D.D., of Middlebury College, repre- 
senting the Vermont Tercentenary Commission, spoke as follows: 

Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Cenikmen: In behalf of the freemen of Vermont, 
and representing the Lake Champlain Tercentenary Commission of Vermont, I 
have the honor to transfer to the representative of his Excellency, Governor John A. 
Mead, this memorial of the discoverer of Lake Champlain and of the territory now 
comprising the State of Vermont. This commemorative light-tower is erected on a 
site made American soil forever by the valor of our Green Mountain sires. It is 
our will that it shall stand as a reminder to succeeding generations of the honor in 
which the men of the generation of the three hundredth anniversary of his dis- 
covery held the intrepid navigator, the scholarly explorer, and the Christian pioneer, 
Samuel Champlain. 

Gov. John A. Dix of New York, in accepting the memorial and 
transferring it to the United States, said : 



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Felloiv-Citizens of America, and Brethren of the World, Ladies and Gentlemen: 
This memorial to that great son of France, whose life and service we recall in 
gratitude and honor to-day, is peculiarly appropriate and expressive. 

Its foundation is grounded upon a rock, its aspect is magnificent, its position 
commanding, and its work is for the lighting of the way of humanity. How well 
it typifies the character and the deeds of Champlain! He had the firmness and the 
constancy of the rock in his character, the beauty of the superstructure in his life, 
and the persistency of the never-failing light in the operations of his mind and heart 
for the service of his country and mankind. 

The contrasts between his times and ours, the marvelous changes that have 
almost entirely transformed man's environment wnthin the past three hundred years, 
make it difficult if not impossible for us to-day properly to appreciate the soul- 
controlling purposes of Champlain, or estimate the sacrifices he endured in the out- 
workmg of those purposes. 

Contemplation of Champlain, dreamer, discoverer and hero, is, however, for us a 
stimulant to imagination and to ambition. 

To praise him because of the results that followed through the work of other 
men and later times, is as illogical as to disparage his character and work by 
taking the view^point of the present without giving due consideration, so far as 
people of our time can understand them, to the conditions and ideals of his age 
and the obstacles that he had to overcome in all he achieved. 

His journey hither may have been for conquest and not discovery. Upholders 
of this opinion cite the fact that Champlain had with him and used the first 
explosive death-dealing weapons seen by the Indians, and that wars between the 
tribes followed. 

Yet Indian wars were known before. Was not war the truest expression of 
the savage nature? Was not the Long House of the Iroquois the greatest war 
machine of the time? When in America was exploration free from combat, and 
what was land discovery but conquest? 

Let us receive from Samuel Champlain the inspiration of high aims and pur- 
pose and unselfish service to our fellow-men. Let us dedicate ourselves to the 
work so nobly begun by his indomitable will and fortitude in blazing the way for 
the American spirit of courage and enterprise that so greatly enriched and developed 
this northern country. 

For me it is sufficient to know that Samuel Champlain was the first white 
man here, and that the knowledge he gained was the first information that civilization 
had regarding this wondrous place. Moreover, I know that he was the same man 
whose mind conceived, as early as the year 1 600, the utility and the plan of a ship 
canal across the Isthmus of Panama. 



138 State of New York 



Facing almost insuperable difficulties al home and braving unknown obstacles 
and dangers in the fabled New World, he made not only one or two, but, all told, 
nine voyages across the Atlantic from his beloved France, exploring our coasts and 
penetrating into the wilderness of our savage-ridden shores. 

Everywhere he went, he planted the cross of his inherited faith and the ideals 
of a Christian world. 

Faith in God and in one's self, achievement for our nation and our race, and the 
power of imagination in dissolving all difficulties in the path of progress, are the 
lessons that his life teaches. 

To an American who treasures the traditions of his country and who reveres 
the one nation of Europe that to the struggling patriots of the Revolution gave the 
recognition and aid that won the day and estaWished our independence, what 
keener pleasure can come than on an occasion like this to welcome vfith. heart and 
hand the representatives of the great French nation? It was our own Jefferson 
who truly said: " Tout homme a deux patries — la sienne et puis la France." 

It is indeed a high honor to join hands with the representative of the State of 
Vermont to bequeath to the Federal government for safe keeping and constant care 
this noble memorial, with the hope that its never-failing light may guide the way- 
farer and the voyager on the path of safety. 

To you. Colonel Sanger, this monument is now given. (Applause.) 

In the absence of Gov. John A. Mead of Vermont, who was de- 
tained at home by slight illness, Adjt.-Gen. Lee S. Tillotson received 
the memorial on behalf of the Governor of Vermont and in turn presented 
it to the United States in the following address: 

Mr. Chairman, Your Excellency, Ladies and Gentlemen: I think it should be 
made plain that I am not the Governor of Vermont, otherwise my appearance as to 
clothing might lead some to think that the Governor had exercised his constitutional 
prerogative and with the consent of the Senate had assumed personal command of 
the military forces of the State and had come over here to dispute New York's 
right to have this memorial located on New York soil. If this were true, it would 
not be the first time that the " Green Mountain Boys " had invaded this shore of 
Lake Champlain. However, no such hostile action is intended or necessary or 
possible, for conditions have changed. This memorial has been erected and located 
by the joint action of the Commissions of both States: New York and Vermont are 
now a part of the same nation, both subject to the same national government in 
whose custody this memorial is about to be placed, and from the United States of 



The Champlain Tercentenary 139 



America neither New York nor Vermont will ever seek to take anything by force 
of arms. 

During the past few days, since I knew that I might be called upon to speak 
for the Governor on this occasion, I have been endeavoring to keep up with my 
everyday work, follow the events connected with the two great national political 
conventions which have been held, and several other local political meetings, and at 
the same time to accumulate in my mind the history of the past three hundred years. 
This effort has resulted in a state of mind which culminated last night in a dream 
in which it appeared to me that at the point in these ceremonies when Vermont's 
share in this memorial was about to be surrendered into the keeping of the repre- 
sentative of the United States, there suddenly appeared on the scene one of the most 
strenuous of the recently defeated national political candidates and demanded that 
the Champlain Memorial be turned over to him as the only safe and rightful cus- 
todian thereof. 

I would be remiss in my duty on this occasion if I did not express to these Com- 
missioners Vermont's appreciation of their efforts in carrying forward so successfully 
this memorable celebration which is here completed in the dedication of this beautiful, 
substantial and useful memorial. It is to be exceedingly regretted that Governor 
Mead could not have been present in person at this ceremony to speak for our State. 
In his absence, gentlemen of the Vermont Commission, the Governor directs me to 
accept this memorial on behalf of the State of Vermont, and to assure you that 
your task has been well performed and that your work merits, and will undoubtedly 
receive, the approval of the people of Vermont. 

There is one thought which I would like to express to you on this occasion. 
We are all more or less influenced by the achievements of the past, and through 
the energy and the daring of such men as Champlain, there probably does not now 
remain on the earth any such unexplored wildernesses as was this valley when 
Champlain first saw it ; even the poles have been discovered and located. It remains 
for us of the present and the future to make the best possible use of the advantages 
which we have thus gained. Let us not sacrifice the beauties of this Champlain 
Valley to the greed of commercialism. Let it be our effort, rather, to preserve 
and conserve it in all the magnificence of its natural resources, so that it will remain 
a haven of peace and rest to which the tired workers of the world may come for 
recreation and gain thereby renewed energy and ambition for future explorations 
into the still undiscovered realms of noble art, helpful literature, useful science and 
honest business. 

And now, by direction of the Governor of Vermont and in his name, our custody 
in this Champlain Memorial is transmitted to the representative of the government 
of the United States of America, to which, by this act, we again acknowledge our 



140 State of New York 



allegiance and pledge our support to the utmost extent of our resources. But while 
this memorial is thus placed in the hands of the whole people of these United 
States, I would remind you that the waters over which its light will shine will 
continue to separate, yet unite the shores of New York and Vermont, to one of 
which you must always come if you wish to see Champlain in all its beauty, and 
to both of which, and especially to Vermont, you will always be welcome. 
(Applause.) 

President William H. Taft was unable to be present and commis- 
sioned the Hon. William Cary Sanger of Sangerfleld, former Assistant 
Secretary of War of the United States, to receive the memorial on the 
part of the United States and, in doing so, he spoke as follows : 

These interesting ceremonies illustrate one of the great principles which the 
founders of our country and the framers of our Constitution so wisely made a 
fundamental part of our national life. To each State is left the care and super- 
vision of those matters which directly and exclusively concern the citizens of the 
State, and thus individuality and initiative in the development of local spirit and 
character, are stimulated and encouraged, but those matters which properly concern 
the people as a whole are cared for by the representatives of the people in one 
department or another of the National Government. The lighthouses are not only 
for the use of those who live in their immediate vicinity, but they protect the in- 
terests and they encourage the activities of all the people, and consequently they 
have been placed under the control and care of the National Government. 

It was my pleasure on one occasion to hear President Eliot of Harvard Uni- 
versity deliver an address on the subject, " Democracy and Beauty." At first the 
title seemed strange, but before President Eliot had finished it was apparent to 
everyone who heard him that it is a privilege, as well as a duty, for those who 
constitute a democracy to see to it that what is beautiful in nature, in art, and in 
architecture, should, so far as possible, be brought within such easy reach of the 
people that the pleasure and benefit which come from beauty may be theirs. This 
lighthouse marks a step forward in a most important direction. It is true that 
our public buildings and our private residences and our parks have been growing 
more and more beautiful under the careful work of those who are responsible for 
them, but this is the first instance in which an attempt has been made to make a 
lighthouse a thing of beauty. For this, those responsible for its construction and 
the architect and the sculptor are entitled to our most grateful appreciation. The 
lighthouse will be none the less useful to the mariner and will be vastly more valu- 




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The Champlain Tercentenary 141 



able to the community because architect and sculptor have united to make it so 
attractive and interesting that it is a pleasure to look at it. 

This light will not only guide those who voyage on these waters, but we can 
see in it and in all those other lights which mark our coasts and the harbors of our 
inland seas a symbol of what our national life should be, not only for our people 
but for the entire world. The lighthouse guides to the desired haven ; it warns against 
shoals; in the dark and in the storm it enables the mariner to find his way in safety 
past the perils which threaten him. There is storm on land as well as on sea ; there 
are in our national life perplexities and dangers; amid the turmoil of our political, 
business and social activities there is the right course which leads to the well-being 
of our people, and there are rocks of error and wrong which threaten with peril 
or destruction those who do not avoid them. May these lighthouses serve their 
useful and beneficent purpose, and may the light of liberty and truth burn so 
brightly that our country, through stress and storm, may see its way clear to such 
a course of national life as will bring to us the full rewards and blessings of a 
national life well lived and wisely directed. 

It is indeed a disappointment to us all, as well as to the President himself, that 
he has not been able to be present to-day. He has honored me by asking me to 
represent him, and on his behalf I accept for the Government of the United States 
this light, and assure you that it will ever burn to serve the splendid purpose for 
which you have created it. (Applause.) 

Chairman Knapp then presented Count de Peretti de la Rocca, Charge 
d' Affaires de France, who, in the absence of the French Ambassador, 
represented the Republic of France, and spoke as follows: 

I shall not speak to you about Champlain; you know more about him than I. 
Everything around here reminds you of him. And so many speakers more eloquent, 
members of the French Academy, Ambassadors, Senators, Governors of States, 
have told you of his spirit of enterprise, his courage, his energy, his force of char- 
acter, his uprightness of heart. What could I add to their discourses? 

But I shall tell you how delighted I ara to represent here the French Ambas- 
sador. My pleasure is as great as his would have been to be present. Mr. Jus- 
serand told me many times how happy he was to commemorate on similar occasions 
the beginnings of this country, because the name of France is associated so often 
with these celebrations by which you Americans show, with such admirable perse- 
verance, your remembrance of the past. 

To-day you celebrate the memory of a brave French pioneer who, foreseeing the 



142 State of New York 



future, discovered and opened up a beautiful country to the knowledge of mankind 
and to civilization. Some years ago you raised monuments to the leaders who 
came with the military power of France to fight for the freedom of your country. 

On another occasion, for your gratitude is considerate, you did honor to the 
memory of the French private soldiers and sailors who fell in the War of Inde- 
pendence and whose names were forgotten. But they shed their blood on this soil 
where liberty sprang forth, your country, and you wished that a beautiful monu- 
ment at Annapolis should recall to posterity the memory of those modest heroes. 

All these commemorations find an echo on the other side of the ocean, in the 
sister Republic. They make up other links added to the long chain of friend- 
ship which binds our two countries. They induce Frenchmen to cross the sea, like 
Champlain, impelled by the curiosity of new things, and they discover America. 
At first they are astonished ; they did not expect to see what they see in this country, 
where three centuries before only explorers dared to venture. And they return to 
France, like the delegates who came here recently on behalf of the France-Amerique 
Committee, impressed not only with the future of the United States but with their 
present, with their unheard of development which surprises our old customs, and 
they bring back from this young and already great country a store of new ideas. 

As Americans who know Paris like to return there. Frenchmen who once come 
to the United States wish to come back again; for we have much to learn the one 
from the other. Let us, therefore, see each other as much as possible: the more 
we shall know each other, the better we shall like each other. History encourages 
us to do so; our mutual interests recommend us to do likewise. Thank God, if 
so many Americans are the worthy descendants of the heroes of the Revolutionary 
War, there are yet in France many men of the type of Champlain, with the 
same energy, the same eagerness for knowledge, the same uprightness. These are 
characteristics of the race in that old France, always young, of which one of our 
best artists has portrayed the features in bronze so that you may see them there, in 
the midst of you, under the shadow of the memorial to a great Frenchman, who, 
like all Frenchmen coming over here, loved America. (Applause.) 

The Chairman then introduced the orator of the day, the Hon. Robert 
Roberts, LL. D., Mayor of Burlington. Vermont, who delivered the 
following scholarly address: 

CovernoT Dix, Memben of the Lake Champlain Tercenienar]) Commhsiom, 
Ladies and Gentlemen: This memorial having been presented and received with 
due ceremony, it would seem that the purpose for which we arc assembled had 



The Champlain Tercentenary 143 



been accomplished and that a motion to adjourn would be in order. But a pro- 
gramme, like a table of contents, is a tyrannous thing, and if a place therein is 
marked for an address it must be filled. 

I suppose this to be the last but one of the events connected with the Cham- 
plain Tercentenary. During the celebration, in I 909, as appears from the admirable 
and voluminous Report of the Commission, the dramatic history of this lake and 
its borderlands has been unfolded and illustrated in full detail by antiquarians, 
men of letters, orators, statesmen, poets, and prelates. Among the many repre- 
sentative speakers from official life were the President of the United States, the 
Ambassador from England, the Ambassador from France, certain high officials 
from the Dominion of Canada, the Governor of New York, a United States Senator 
from New York, the Governor of Vermont, and the Congressmen from that State. 
It may, therefore, be assumed, and the fact is, that those of us who speak to-day 
may not be harvesters but only gleaners in this fruitful field of local history and 
there is little left to garner for your store. 

But shall we leave this stern and rock-bound structure to stand cold and stark 
and chained to a thankless service in shedding abroad its light for the warning 
and comfort of men without some simple rite of baptism? Shall we abandon thi» 
sweetly serious embodiment of French womanhood to face, unveiled, the tempest, 
the heat of summer and the frost of winter without a word of benediction and 
without some act of homage which is her due and which she is wont to receive 
from the gallant men of her own blood? It is true, she is well able to face un- 
daunted the buffeting of hostile circumstance. Such has been her fate for cen- 
turies. In coarse apparel she has tilled the fields and kept her house, and by the 
proceeds of her thrift has ransomed a nation. She has seen visions, and under the 
inspiration of heavenly voices, and clad in mail, she has led armies and raised the 
siege of a city. She has fought behind barricades, and w^th heroic dignity has 
bared her fair throat to the guillotine. With gaiety unquenched, she has starved 
through the investment of her beloved Paris. Through sore privation she has 
won a name in art, in science, and in letters. She embodies the just combination 
of qualities which make for fineness, elasticity, strength, health and long life. So, 
with hands upon our hearts — to La Belle France, salutation and blessing I May 
she, joined together with her strong protectors, the great explorer, his man-at-arms 
and his Indian guide, long remain to figure forth the beautiful in art in this setting of 
the beautiful in nature. 

The historical incidents which I may touch upon are such as occurred in the 
neighborhood of Crown Point and Ticonderoga and the fortresses which guarded 
the southern gateway of the lake. 



144 State of New York 



It is generally agreed that Champlain and his allies fought their first battle 
against the Iroquois somewhere in this vicinity. From his naive story of the en- 
counter it appears that primitive man dearly loves to bandy words and to fight. 
As the Homeric heroes, when face to face in combat, interchanged long and high 
sounding speeches before falling to, so did the rival war parties in I 609. Cham- 
plain's account says that when his men " were armed and in array, they sent two 
canoes, set apart from the others, to learn from their enemies if they wanted to 
fight. They replied that they wanted nothing else but that; at the moment there 
was not much light and they must wait for the daylight to recognize each other, 
and that as soon as the sun rose they would open the battle. This was accepted 
by our men; and while we waited, the whole night was passed in dances and 
songs, as much on one side as on the other, with endless insults and other talk, such 
as the little courage we had, our feeble men and inability to make resistance against 
their arms, and that when we came we should find it to our ruin. Our men were 
also not lacking in retort, telling them that they should see such power of arms as 
never before, and amid such other talk as is customary in the siege of a city." 
Champlain, at the head of his men, fired the first shot with his arquebuse and 
killed two of the chiefs, mortally wounding a third. The WTiter evidently thought 
his account of the marvellous efficacy of his weapon of precision needed explana- 
tion, and adds that he loaded with four bullets. It would be fair to expect that 
one bullet would go wild. 

It would be interesting if we could have the story of this fight from the Iroquois 
point of view. What impression did the outlandish pale-faces make upon the 
defending band of aborigines? What was their judgment as to the ethics of the 
invasion into their territory? We can well picture their demoralization upon the 
sudden killing of their three chiefs. But can sophisticated imagination fully grasp 
the degree of terror inspired by the bang of the guns of the explorers which broke 
the silence of the forest primeval? What do we know of that awful stillness? The 
Indian moved with catlike tread. TTie dip of his paddle made but a ripple. 
His arrow sped to its mark without sound. The life and death struggle for the 
survival of the fittest in the natural world went on about him in a silence broken 
only by the stifled squeak of a victim or the crunching of bones. The show of 
force in animate nature following patient waiting and reserve was swnft and terrific, 
but silent — the swoop of the eagle upon its prey, the spring of the panther, the 
strike of the adder. The music of the denizens of the wilderness depended for 
its quality upon the general absence of sound above that of the waterfall or the 
rustling of leaves. Its various elemental strains — the hoot of the owl, the yell of 
the loon, the miaul of the panther, the redman's love call, war cry and death song — 



The Champlain Tercentenary 145 



all soared high above the symphony of inanimate nature. One modern political 
convention makes more noise in a day than the Indian ever heard through the cen- 
turies. Thrice and four times happy Iroquois! 

For a century more or less after the discovery of the lake, there were bloody 
forays, without decisive results, back and forth between the French and Algonquins 
on the North and the English and Iroquois on the South. 

In 1731 the French fortified a post here at Crown Point and called it Fort 
Frederic. This was only a small stockade designed to accommodate thirty men. 
It gave place to a fortress large enough for I 20 men, and in I 742 it was enlarged 
and strengthened, being then, with the exception of Quebec, the strongest French 
fortress in America. And under the protection of this fortress was the largest of 
the early settlements. Another small fort was constructed at Chimney Point oppo- 
site here, and about it groups of home seekers were gathered. All settlements in 
this neighborhood disappeared as soon as the French soldiers withdrew from Lake 
Champlain. 

War was not formally declared between Great Britain and France until 1756. 
In that year was completed Fort Carillon (at Ticonderoga), about 200 men being 
employed in its construction. In 1 759, in face of siege operations by Lord Am- 
herst, the French abandoned the fort, retired to Fort Frederic, evacuated and blew 
up this fort and retired to Canada. Thus, after a full century and a half of more 
or less interrupted control, French supremacy passed from Lake Champlain. 

Here, at Crown Point, Amherst thereupon constructed at enormous expense a 
new fortress, the principal function of which has been to make a picturesque ruin 
and a pleasant picnic ground for the people of the present day. 

The blood-soaked slopes of this great waterway were hardly dry before the 
war between Great Britain and her American colonies broke out and these strategic 
points on the lake, which were vital as buttresses against invasion by French and 
Indians from Canada, became equally so to the colonists for safeguarding the 
valley from British occupation. 

Crown Point and Ticonderoga again became the center of interest and activity. 
The local patriots determined to seize Fort Ticonderoga and learned that the 
Green Mountain Boys were, as they expressed it, " the proper persons to do the 
job." The story of the surprise and capture of the fort by Ethan Allen and his 
party of eighty-three men is authentic. The verbal form of his command to sur- 
render " in the name of the Great Jehovah and the Continental Congress " has 
been questioned, but it is quite in the style of his other sayings and his writings. 
Listen to his address to his little band before the attack: 

11 



146 State of New York 



" Friends and fellow soldiers, you have for a number of years past been a scourge 
and terror to arbitrary powers. Your valor has been famed abroad and acknowl- 
edged, as appears by the advice and orders to me from the General Assembly of 
Connecticut to surprise and take the garrison now before us. I now propose to 
advance before you, and, in person, conduct you through the wicket gate; for 
this morning either we quit our pretensions to valor or possess ourselves of this 
fortress in a few minutes; and inasmuch as it is a desperate attempt, which none 
but the bravest of men dare undertake, I do not urge it on any contrary to his will. 
You that will undertake, voluntarily, poise your firelocks! 

Allen was a primitive man, a pioneer and land speculator. Like the Homeric 
heroes and the Iroquois and Algonquin chiefs, he indulged in high and mighty talk 
before the attack. In his day and among his people the accomplishment of formal 
speech and writing was not common and lent distinction to its possessor, and Allen 
was a man to let his light shine in this direction. 

Ticonderoga witnessed the first lowering of His Majesty's colors in the War 
for Independence. Allen says of this occasion: "The sun seemed to rise that 
morning with a superior lustre and Ticonderoga and all its defenders smiled on its 
conquerors who tossed about the flowing bowl and wished success to Congress and 
the liberty and freedom of America." 

Shortly after, Seth Warner and his men captured the small garrison here at 
Crown Point together with 200 pieces of cannon. 

In the struggle for supremacy of the Lake Champlain district men fought not 
only for the glory of France and her religion, the glory of England and the spread 
of her institutions, the independence of the Colonies and the abrogation of unjust 
taxes, but also, and chiefly, as settlers, for the protection of their homes and the 
validity of their land titles. Tliey struggled, nevertheless, blindly, as all men do, 
and were the instruments of forces and the larger design of which they could have 
no vision. Notwithstanding her courage, superior leadership and organization, 
France was defeated because, as has been said, " a new nation had arrived too 
great in numbers, in extent of territory, in strength of independent, individual char- 
acter to be overwhelmed." 

A nation may be the loser in the game of war, but a great race can hardly be 
subjugated or rubbed out. Quebec was taken, but the Province of Quebec is 
French, and New England, through immigration, is slowly becoming New France. 
Scotland and Ireland were conquered long ago, but the Scotch and Irish are 
conspicuously present with us to-day. It has been easy for the western Powers to 
blow up the forts of China and gain concessions, and the Chinese smile, seemingly 
acquiesce, and kotow, but in all things essential to themselves they yield nothing 



The Champlain Tercentenary 147 



but go their own way. A few Chinese boys trained in American colleges have 
exerted a greater influence upon China than all the gunpowder ever manufactured 
could do. 

It would seem that there are forces visibly at work that make for peace, and this 
in spite of the bloody history of man and the huge armaments which may mean the 
fear of war rather than the love of it. Possibly it was from a willingness or even 
a desire to move in harmony with such forces that Great Britain, France, the 
Dominion of Canada and the United States of America found that without effort 
or affectation they could find in the Champlain Tercentenary an occasion for the 
interchange of words of pleasantness along the paths of international peace. 

In the future, then, let celebrants of the Tercentenary events settle all their 
differences by a joint meeting by the sweet waters of Lake Champlain. 

Men draw from the pages of history different conclusions, for they read with 
different eyes. Although we are familiar with the fact and the doctrine of the 
spread of civilization through violence, yet in the concomitants of war, its pomps 
and trappings, its glory and shame, its burnings and killings, its famine and pesti- 
lence, its bickerings and jealousies, its graft and greed and sordidness, its futility 
to effect its original purpose or to accomplish the greatest good, and more particu- 
larly in the nature of men and things, may there not be some among us who find 
warrant for the beatitude, " Blessed are the meek for they shall inherit the earth." 
(Applause.) 

Tlie ceremonies concluded with the following : 

Benediction by Rev. J. W. Dw^er, of Ludlow, Vt. 

O God. from whom are holy desires, right counsels and just works, give unto 
Thy servants that peace which Thou hast told us the world cannot give; that our 
hearts being given to the keeping of Thy commandments and the fear of enemies 
being removed, our days, by Thy protection, may be peaceful. 

May the blessings of Almighty God, Father, Son and Holy Ghost descend upon 
all here assembled, upon all whom we represent, and abide with us forever. Amen. 

TTie large assemblage, including many distinguished citizens from 
Vermont, then dispersed to their several homes, except the Commissioners 
and their guests, who boarded the " Ticonderoga " for Plattsburgh and 
intermediate ports. 



IV. SAIL DOWN THE LAKE TO BLUFF POINT 

149 



IV. SAIL DOWN THE LAKE TO BLUFF POINT 

THE FIRST STOP was at Port Henry, one of the five gateways to the 
Adirondacks and one of the large iron-ore ports of the country. 
TTiis picturesque village, nestling under the foothills of the 
Adirondacks, the home of Commissioner Walter C. Witherbee and 
Hon. Frank S. Witherbee, overlooks the lake, the Champlain Memorial 
Lighthouse and historical Chimney Point on the Vermont shore. In 
this town is located the principal office of Witherbee, Sherman & Com- 
pany, extensive iron producers and donors to the State of New York of 
the lands on which are situated the Crown Point Forts. It has a public 
library and other public buildings, churches, etc. The steamer then pro- 
ceeded northward past Westport and Essex, attractive summer resorts 
on the west shore of the lake and also past Thompson's Point, Cedar 
Beach and other resorts on the east shore of the lake to Burlington, 
which rises above the blue waters of the lake in some such manner as 
does Naples above the blue Mediterranean. It has its beautiful semi- 
circular bay with its two arms, projecting far out into the lake, similar 
to the beautiful bay of Naples with its Sorrento and Posilipo, projecting 
far out into the sea. It has its University, as has Naples, which has been 
a center of learning and culture for many years. It rises less precipitously 
and with more uniform gradation from the margin of the lake to the 
college campus, where the University buildings crown the summit as 
does the castle of St. Elmo the city of Naples. Its streets and avenues 
are broader and better shaded than are those of Naples, but it has many 
pomts of resemblance, which are suggestive of that rare Neapolitan fas- 
cination not found elsewhere. Instead of the active and ever-threatening 
Vesuvius, there rises in the background superbly beautiful Mt. Mansfield 
silhouetted against the deep blue eastern sky. The commanding view 
from the elevation of the University of Vermont to the eastward and 
especially to the westward across the lake toward the rugged Adiron- 
dacks, rising precipitously from the water's edge to the sky line, is such 
as to enable one to survey the width as well as something of the length 

151 



152 State of New York 

of the valley and appreciate its pictorial grandeur. As the sun gilds the 
sky-pointing peaks and fills the valleys vfith rosy light, except where 
drifting clouds cast their shadows athwart the mountain ranges and as the 
placid waters of the lake reflect the overarching azure sky, in an atmo- 
sphere — the clarity of which like that on the summit of Salvatore 
accentuates nature's beauties, — one is reminded that the Champlain 
valley presents many views worthy the brush of a Turner, a Corot or 
a Cormon. In the poem on " Lake Champlain " by S. S. Cutting, 
D. D., will be found the following: 

Oh matchless splendors! never sung nor told. 
Now golden purple, now empurpled gold ! 
O'er mount and plain the heavens their tints disuse 
And tinge the waves with iridescent hues. 
And now, when slowly fades departing day. 
The moon, full-orbed, walks her celestial way. 
And bathing all things in her silver light. 
Prolongs the beauty through the slumbering night. 

The " Ticonderoga " pointed westward north of the Four Brothers, 
where Edward Hatch, Jr., of Lord & Taylor of New York City main- 
tains a hatchery for breeding and rearing lake gulls and also easterly of 
Port Kent, one of the gateways to the Adirondacks. On the right were 
seen some of the beautiful islands described by Samuel Champlain. One 
of these was for many years the abode of that sweet bard of Grand Isle 
County, Vt., the Rev. Orville G. Wheeler, who once sang in this wise: 

Vermont, thy mountain breezes erst have fanned 
The brow of warrior bold, of statesman sage. 
And yet the poet's mystic waving wand 
Will charm to life thy bright historic page; 
Ah such will live, the good, the great, the brave. 
Will live in grateful hearts, if not in song. 
Their hallowed deeds will never find a grave. 
Although unsung their fame may slumber long. 

TTie steamer passed Valcour, where occurred one of the principal 
naval engagements of the Revolution, in which Benedict Arnold dis- 



The Champlain Tercentenary 153 

tinguished himself for his daring and for his adroit escape in the night 
from the enemy. TTie Commissioners and their guests were landed at 
Bluff Point and took rooms in the new Hotel Champlain, which was 
built on the site of the former Hotel Champlain, burned in the winter 
of 1910. Its commodious apartments, broad verandas and commanding 
outlook over Cumberland Bay and the lake were admiringly appreciated 
after the strenuous day's exercises at Crown Point Forts and the ride 
down the lake. 

CHAMPLAIN HOTEL, BLUFF POINT, JULY 6, 1912. 

The rosy-fingered dawn was eloquent with the loud, rich, skilfully 
modulated song of the thrasher and the melody of the many birds that 
frequent the tree-clad slopes along the shores of the lake. Nature has 
with profusion bestowed her inexhaustible wealth of beauty in and about 
Lake Champlain. The site of the new hotel at Bluff Point is one of the 
places where this may be seen to advantage. As one gazes on the blue 
waters of the lake, with its picturesque islands, stretching far away toward 
the Vermont shores and over to the sloping hillsides that lead up to the 
majestic Green Mountains in the distance and then to the towering 
Adirondacks that wall in the lake on the west, he is quite apt to compare 
the scene with that unfolded to the tourist, who looks out from Locarno 
on the expanse of the blue waters of Lago Maggiore with its charming 
islands and the encircling mountains, crowned with villas and historic 
castles, " a perfect efflorescence of loveliness." The grandeur and sub- 
limity of the Alpine scene is to some extent compensated for by the 
broader expanse of undulating waters, the larger sweep of productive 
valleys and verdant slopes, " set with the homes of men," breathing the 
air of freedom, whose heritage is liberty under law. 

Amid such scenes the words of William Watson occur to one, 

" * * * * » » 

Beauty, whose voice is earth and sea and air, 
****** 

Who reigneth, and her throne is everywhere." 



V. CALL AT THE SUMMER SCHOOL. REVIEW OF 
THE FIFTH INFANTRY REGIMENT. U. S. A., AT 
PLATTSBURGH BARFIACKS. TOUR OF THE 
CITY. RECEPTION GIVEN BY THE HON. SMITH 
M. WEED AND LUNCHEON AT THE FOUQUET 
HOUSE 

155 



V. CALL AT THE SUMMER SCHOOL. REVIEW OF 
THE FIFTH INFANTRY REGIMENT. U. S. A.. AT 
PLATTSBURGH BARRACKS. TOUR OF THE 
CITY. RECEPTION GIVEN BY THE HON. SMITH 
M. WEED AND LUNCHEON AT THE FOUQUET 
HOUSE 

THE MORNING hours quickly passed and the Champlain Commis- 
sioners and their guests were waited upon by a delegation of 
citizens of Plattsburgh. 
TTie Commissioners, Governor Dix, Count de Peretti de la Rocca, 
and other guests left the Hotel Champlain in automobiles at 10 o'clock, 
under the escort of the Reception Committee of the Chamber of Com- 
merce of Plattsburgh. headed by Mayor Andrew G. Senecal. They 
were driven to the Catholic Summer School at Cliff Haven, where they 
were formally received by Rev. Father D. J. Hickey, President of the 
Summer School, who delivered the following address: 

YouT Excellency: In the name of the trustees and patrons of the Catholic Sum- 
mer School of America I welcome you to Cliff Haven. Through eighteen years of 
the twenty-one years of existence of this school we have been honored and inspired 
by the visits of ail the Presidents of the country from the lamented President 
McKinley to the present President Taft. Through these years we have been also 
visited by every Governor of the Empire State, and it has been our happy privi- 
lege to extend to them the best reception possible. While we welcomed the Chief 
Executives of our country with joy, it has always been our supreme pleasure to 
welcome the Governors of our own state, as our school is under the charge of 
the State Board of Regents over which you preside. We have found in their 
visits an inspiration and encouragement in our educational work. 

Your Excellency, I regret that your visit could not have been later. This is 
the first week of our summer session, and instead of hundreds, thousands would 
have joined in this reception. The scope of our work is high and broad. We 

157 



158 State of New York 



have the best lecturers we can secure to bring before us in a learned and sound 
manner all that we should know in the domain of History, Literature, Art, Science, 
Political Economy and the leading social questions. Last year 3,500 visited the 
school during its session. Thirty-seven states were represented among its guests; 
so you see, the school and its work are well known and appreciated throughout our 
land. We combine here at Cliff Haven, the intellectual and the social in a high 
degree, and the intellectual and social are both protected and permeated by a 
religious spirit unobtrusive but all-pervading. 

Whatever promotes the well-being and uplift of the citizens of this country, and 
especially of this great Empire State over which you preside; whatever goes to 
make an enhghtened and safe people; whatever promotes, protects and preserves 
the sound principles of the founders of our great Republic, must be dear to 
your Excellency and deserve your inspiration. This we all feel to-day in your 
presence here, in spite of your many laborious and pressing duties. While I invited 
you, I feel that your presence to-day is due to the persuasive eloquence of one 
of our trustees. Judge John B. Riley, who is also a member of the Champlain 
Tercentenary Commission. 

In the name of the trustees and patrons of the Catholic Summer School of 
America I again welcome you to Cliff Haven. (Applause.) 

Appropriate response was made thereto by his Excellency, Gov. John 
A. Dix. 

The party was then driven to the Plattsburgh Barracks, where the 
Fifth Infantry, U. S. A., on dress parade, under command of Col. Calvin 
D. Cowles, was reviewed, and the cannon thundered forth salutes in 
honor of the Governor and of Count de Peretti de la Rocca, of the 
French Embassy at Washington. It was an imposing sight and a re- 
minder of the brilliant review of the same and other regiments and the 
Canadian troops, on the same parade grounds, by President William H. 
Taft, Ambassador Jusserand, Ambassador Bryce and Governors 
Hughes and Prouty, July 7, 1909. 

Thereafter, a tour was made of the city, in which the party was 
shown the graves of Captain George Downie and other British officers, 
who had fallen in the battle of Plattsburgh. TTie Commissioners and 
other guests were then formally received in the beautiful home of the 
Hon. Smith M. Weed, on Cumberland avenue, which is situate near the 




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The Champlain Tercentenary 159 

Champlain Memorial. Mr. and Mrs. George S. Weed assisted in the 
reception of the distinguished guests. The guests were interested in seeing 
in Mr. Weed's hbrary the noted painting of " The Battle of Lake 
Champlain," by Julian Oliver Davidson, a copy of which may be seen 
in the origmal Report of this Commission. 

At the close of the reception, the Commissioners and guests were given 
a luncheon under the auspices of the Chamber of Commerce, at the 
Fouquet House, which stands on the site of the old Stage House occupied 
by Major-Gen. Benjamm Mooers, of Revolutionary military fame, who 
commanded the militia in the land engagement at the Battle of Platts- 
burgh. Judge and Commissioner John B. Riley presided and extended 
to the Commissioners and to the guests a hearty welcome. At the con- 
clusion of the luncheon, the Commissioners and their guests were escorted 
by a platoon of mounted police, the entire Fifth Infantry, U. S. A., under 
command of Col. Cowles and staff, through the principal streets, whose 
buildings were beautifully decorated. Following the fifty automobiles 
containing the party were the Guard of Honor of the Society of St. Jean 
Baptiste, and the Horicon, Rescue and Lafayette Hose Companies. 
They proceeded to the site of the Champlain Memorial statue, where 
a platform for the speakers and guests had been erected, decorated with 
white and blue and the fleur-de-lis of France. Seats had also been pro- 
vided for the general pubUc. 



VI. DEDICATORY CEREMONIES OF THE CHAMPLAIN 
MEMORIAL STATUE AT PLATTSBURGH. N. Y.. 
JULY 6. 1912 

12 161 




GOVERNOR JOHN A. Dl\ 



VI. DEDICATORY CEREMONIES OF THE CHAM PLAIN 
MEMORIAL STATUE AT PLATTSBURGH. N. Y. 
JULY 6. I9I2 

THE DEDICATORY CEREMONIES, over which Chairman H. Wallace 
Knapp presided, were opened with music by the Fifth Infantry, 
U. S. A. Band. The Invocation was pronounced by Rev. H. P. 
LeF. Grabau, Rector of the Episcopal Church of Plattsburgh. 

The Champlain memorial was then unveiled by Miss Katharine M. 
Booth, daughter of Judge and Commissioner John H. Booth of Platts- 
burgh, as " TTie Star Spangled Banner " was being played by the band. 
As the Stars and Stripes were drawn from the statue and it was revealed 
to view, a shout of applause broke forth from the enthusiastic assembly. 
Then followed a salute fired by the Fifth Infantry of the U. S. A. 

The Commissioners had the memorial draped with the historic 
flag owned by Dr. George F. Kunz of New York City, President 
of the Scenic and Historic Preservation Society of New York, which had 
been offered for the occasion and accepted. That flag had flown 
from the top of the Eiffel Tower in Paris on July 4, 1900, when 
the Lafayette statue by Paul Bartlett was presented by the school 
children of America to the French nation. It was also used at the dedi- 
cation of Stony Point Park on the Hudson, and on the funeral train when 
the remains of Governor Clinton were transferred from New York to 
Kingston. 

Senator H. Wallace Knapp, Chairman of the New York Lake 
Champlain Tercentenary Commission, then delivered the following 
address : 

Your Excellency), Governor Dix, Ladies and Gentlemen: We are assembled 
on an historical spot that may properly lay claim to official recognition, for asso- 
ciations connected with the progress of humanity in the Champlain Valley and this 
vicinity are especially to be distinguished for the important events that are known to 
have proceeded from the subject that we are here to recall. 

163 



164 State of New York 



The battles of Valcour and Plattsburgh, and the maintenance here of a perma- 
nent military post, are vitally connected with conditions attending the passing through 
the lake of the first white man. 

The patriotic spirit has never slumbered here. The sons of this county and 
of the city of Plattsburgh who have dedicated their lives to the service of their 
country, in the army and navy and in civic councils form a long roll of distin- 
guished honor. They have upheld the integrity of their country in every quarter 
of the globe, and their deeds are glowing on the pages of history. And this public 
service has been continuous since the first settlement here. This record has not 
been interrupted. Here surely, then, our Memorial may be safely entrusted to ful- 
fill its purpose and we may leave it here, as in its long appointed home, telling to 
the future, with voiceless eloquence, the meaning of the scene that appears before us. 

For when we have gone away there will appear in the ensuing quiet a significance 
here that can hardly be discerned through the sounds and the pageantry of the 
present hour. Now we look upon the brave soldier, the intrepid sailor, the grand 
discoverer, the vsnse administrator, the successful courtier, and the gallant friend of 
kings. But when we are here alone and undistracted we shall recognize a deeper 
and more abiding import. We shall recall his unfailing goodness of heart, his help- 
ful and untiring care for his associates, his generous mercy to the traitor, Vignan, 
his motto that the saving of one soul was more worthy of endeavor than the con- 
quest of an empire. We shall know Champlain as the devoted lover of his fellow- 
man, and in this philosophy we shall find the basic motive of his career, and indeed 
I think it is for the charm of such qualities shining through virile manhood that we 
most love to remember him. The Spanish conquerors were strong and venturesome, 
but there is no gathering of many peoples to do honor to their memory; no songs 
are sung for Cortez and Pizarro. 

Our Monument will always be an inspiring influence for good and as time goes 
on, piety and poesy and song will enrich the memory of our hero, and romance 
will cast a halo around his deeds. It is perhaps from such beginnings that all the 
great epics of the world have been developed, yet none of them, it is safe to say, 
have proceeded from a nobler basis of character and action. 

We are inaugurating our Memorial under happy conditions. A century of peace 
between France, England, and America bespeaks a perpetuity of good will. Their 
representatives have taken part in all the important functions of the Tercentenary 
observances and they are here to-day with messages of cheer and friendship. 

At Crown Point on May 3d of this year, Mr. Hanotaux, who led the French 
delegation entrusted with the presentation of the bust, " La France ", to the United 
States, remarked in his address: 




Cufj-rijilit' (I ami lt\- n);;;!i>> ^„ 1\>'.\l';^ EuKtaving C-^.. N. V. City 

Miss KATHARINE M. BOOTH 

Daughter of Hon. Jolin H. Booth, Unveiling Champialn Memorial 

at Plattsbur^h. July 6, 1912 




f^ront View of Memorial and Granite Approach to Samuel Champldln 

at Plattsbur^h 



The Champlain Tercentenary 165 



A French delegation has come to seal upon the base of this magnificent monu- 
ment an image of France. It expresses well what we have wished to say ; it 
will depict to you France, such as we Frenchmen conceive it, and as we love it. It 
is France as she wishes to be and as she is. 

Perhaps it is not amiss to supplement this sentiment by pointing out that we have 
chosen as the historic genius of our lake, not an American, nor an Englishman, 
but a Frenchman, who represents to us France and the sons of France as we know 
them and as we wish them to be. He was for us the crowning exemplar of ideal 
chivalry, vsnthout fear and without reproach, — the first of many Frenchmen through 
whom we owe so much to France. But such a character belongs to the world. 
His representation here presides over the scenes of a great historic epoch that will 
never be repeated. Our house is no longer divided: England and America will 
never again contend upon the battlefield. 

Samuel Champlain was called to his reward on Christmas day, the anniversary 
of the Prince of Peace and Good Will throughout the world. That peace is now 
assured us by the peoples who have gathered here, and as time goes on and the 
agencies of human happiness increase within our border, the silent form above us 
will tell His Master's message with an eloquence that we in our day cannot hear 
so well. (Applause.) 

I now take pleasure in presenting to you His Excellency, Gov. John 
A. Dix. 

Governor Dix spoke as follows: 

Admiring to-day this beautiful statue of Champlain, this splendid embodiment of 
genius and patriotism, it seems as if one were gazing upon it through the vista of a 
beautiful parkway. The statue, in all its edifying beauty, is here before us, and 
yet its influence and its meaning carry the mental eye adown three centuries of 
visualization of civilizing events — sad and happy, depressing and gladdening, hor- 
rible and glorious, all necessary in the foliage of the avenue of progress through 
which the mind perceives and tries to understand the character of the man whom 
we here honor. 

Have you, in walking along the parkway of a city's breathing-place or the 
lane of an arbored village, at the end of your line of vision, come upon a solitary 
figure — a monument, a great tree, the section of a home with a cupola upon it, 
or whatever it may be that by its height and loneliness interrupt and end the vista? 
Have you noticed that the width of the vista is seemingly greatest where you stand, 
and gradually diminishes until at the finishing point it is narrow, very narrow? 



166 State of New York 



As I view this product of man's acknowledgment of his indebtedness to the past, 
and of man's abihty to express for the present and for the ages to come his con- 
ception of his obligation to heroes and pioneers, I seem to be looking from this 
statue down the vista of a parkway of the three centuries between Champlain and us. 

On either side stand sublime events of history, with the sun of Hope and Faith 
shining above. Here and there trees shut off the sunshine, while others only serve 
to beautify and embroider that sunshine as it filters through their verdant branches. 
And all the while the roadway of civilization grows gradually from the narrowness 
of the past to the breadth and the warmth of the present. 

This is the picture as it presents itself to my mind, of the historic event we cele- 
brate and its true meaning. 

We, of the more tolerant, more enlightened, and, I hope, happier world, of the 
year 1912, see in this statue the heroic figure of the intrepid explorer, who was the 
pioneer of civilization in this magnificent region of country. His was the narrower 
world, perhaps, but to him belongs the immortal fame of beginning the gradual 
broadening of the way which, through war and sacrifice, honor and glory, leads to 
our present proud position among the nations of the world. 

Since the plan of this Tercentenary celebration of Champlain's discovery was so 
well inaugurated and so well organized, tributes of the ablest orators, the greatest 
writers, and the foremost officials of state and nation, have been paid to the charac- 
ter and the achievements of Samuel Champlain. Words seem now almost super- 
fluous, for what can be said that will add to the fullness and the beauty and the 
sincerity of the expressions of honor and appreciation which have been placed upon 
the enduring records of time. 

Champlain truly typifies the chivalry, the intrepidity and the charm of the people 
of his time and country. The best tribute that has been paid to him, I think, was 
that of Hamilton W. Mabie, and with Mr. Mabie's words I will close: "A gen- 
tleman by birth and training, calm in danger, resourceful and sw\h in action, strict 
in discipline, but always just and kind." (Applause.) 

Gov. John A. Mead of Vermont was officially represented by the 
Adjutant-General of that State, Col. Lee S. Tillotson of St. Albans, 
who was introduced and delivered the following address: 

Mr. Chairman, Your Excellencs, Ladies and Centlemen: My position here 
to-day reminds me of the story of the old colored gentleman who was being prose- 
cuted for the usual misdemeanor of steahng chickens. When his case was called, 
the judge, who knew the culprit, looking down into the prisoner's box where he was 
seated, said: " Uncle Rastus, are you the respondent in this case? " " No, yo' 



The Champlain Tercentenary 167 



honah," said Uncle Rastus, " I'se not de respondent, I'se got a lawyer here who 
is goin' to do all de respondin' fo' me; I'se de ge'man who done stole de chickens." 
In this case, I am the respondent. The gentleman whom you invited and expected 
to be present to-day has not stolen any chickens, but he is, unfortunately for you 
and for him, detained at home by a slight attack of rheumatism, and when I tell 
you that it was contracted while attending as a delegate the recent national Republi- 
can convention at Chicago, you will not be surprised to learn that his malady is 
inflammatory in its nature. But I want to tell you that Governor Mead is not 
tying up his sore places with the red bandanna handkerchief. I don't know how 
you feel over here, but we in Vermont do not think that the facts and events 
incident to the present presidential administration afford any man the right, consti- 
tutional or otherwise, to charge President Taft with fraudulent practices. I know 
that this is not the proper time nor place to talk politics, but, as you may have 
guessed, I am a Republican, and we Republicans don't have much incentive to 
blow our political horns in Vermont, because everybody over there agrees with us, 
and the inspiration of this opportunity in Governor Dix's jurisdiction was too 
strong to be resisted. However, I think we had better get on to a safer topic of 
discussion. (Laughter.) 

I suppose that on this occasion I ought to talk about history, but I don't know 
enough. I don't even know whether the battle of Plattsburgh was a land engage- 
ment or an aerial contest. The weather is usually a reasonably safe topic, but the 
temperature here for the past few days has been so hot that it won't admit of public 
comment. So I have decided to talk about the scenery. I think I have made a 
discovery. I have often wondered why it was that you New Yorkers were so 
much more successful in attracting summer visitors to your territory than we in 
Vermont. Since I have been over here I have discovered the reason. It is because 
of the magnificent scenery afforded you on this side of the lake of the Green 
Mountains of Vermont. You have been capitalizing our resources without our 
permission. Now you must even things up, and I want to tell you that your 
Adirondack Mountains appear to much better advantage, and are grander and more 
magnificent from the viev^fpoint of the Vermont shore than from anywhere else. 
If you don't believe it, come over and see for yourselves. You will find in Vermont 
just as warm a welcome, just as comfortable hotels, just as good roads, and just 
as refreshing water, — and other things, — as anywhere else. 

And now, Mr. Chairman, in closing, I wish to extend to you and the members 
of your Commission, the Governor's regrets, and mine, that he was not able to be 
with you personally, and to thank you for the many courtesies which you have 
shown to my friends and myself on this occasion. (Applause.) 



168 State of New York 

Platlsburgh has many enterprising citizens and has had some Hberal 
benefactors. In the latter class, the name of the Hon. Francis Lynde 
Stetson of New York City, a native of Clinton county and long-time 
resident of Plattsburgh, will be cherished in grateful remembrance for 
his many beneficent acts to that city. It was quite natural, therefore, 
that he accept the Champlain memorial in behalf of the city of Platts- 
burgh, which he did in the following touching address : 

Covernor Dix: Through the kind favor of the Mayor of the city of Platts- 
burgh and in his behalf, I take pleasure in accepting from you this fine gift of the 
State of New York, worthily set in this beautiful park provided by the liberahty of 
the people of Plattsburgh. The location is ideal, overlooking the most attractive 
and the most famous bay of this lovely lake, which, unlike most North American 
waters, bears the name of the discoverer, bestowed by himself. To those here 
seeking for his monument, as in the case of Sir Christopher Wren, the answer 
during three centuries might well have been, " look about you." But now in the 
fullness of time, the accumulating admiration of many generations has demanded 
and has found concrete expression in this beautiful memorial of the character, the 
constancy and the courage of Samuel Champlain, the Christian Explorer. This 
work of man's hands cannot enhance his fame, but it can and will Indicate to 
countless generations our capacity to appreciate his virtue. 

To carry abroad the gospel of his Lord and Master; to extend the influence and 
the prosperity of his beloved country; to replace savagery with orderly govern- 
ment and religious civilization, he crossed the Atlantic twenty times; he traced iti 
western shore from Newfoundland to Cape Cod; he explored the Isthmus of Darien, 
and proposed to join the two oceans; he pierced the Laurentian forests, and dis- 
covered not only Champlain but also Nipissing and Huron; and he became the 
founder of New France. For more than a score of years he ruled in justice and 
equity, winning the hearts of his countrymen and the almost idolatrous affection of 
the savage tribes of Canada. His integrity was spotless, his sincerity unquestioned; 
and his piety was attested by his last wall, devoting to religion his entire estate of 
about $1,000. 

That we should give ourselves for others, for community and for country is 
supposed to be a call specially significant of the present hour. But three centuries 
since it was heard and was followed by Samuel Champlain at the sacrifice of 
much that most men deemed desirable. Luxurious ease at the royal court of 
Henri IV. he despised, and through unbroken forests led the way for civilization, 
thus answering the question of the Duke in "As You Like It ": 



The Champlain Tercentenary 169 



"Are not these woods 
More free from peril than the envious court? 

In the deep fastnesses of the forests he carried the cross as his amulet and 
sought the salvation of souls. 

This day can show no higher type nor profess a nobler faith than his. This 
poor French boy of Brouage by three-score years of faithful duty proved that virtue 
is not the monopoly of any age or country or class; and that to help the world 
greatly forward no special calling is necessary. Ail that is needed is the faithful 
following of high ideals. Such was the accomplishment of Champlain and such, 
two centuries later, of the other great hero of these waters, the chivalrous and God- 
fearing Macdonough, soon to be honored by a monument on this shore. 

It is well that this generation should make recognition of such lives, proving that 
love toward God and man and its constant expression in a consistent life are not 
incompatible with the development and exhibition of the most heroic and manly 
virtues. 

But to limit our recognition to the raising of a monument were indeed an empty 
show. Those who without genuine and active sympathy would build the tombs of 
the prophets and garnish the sepulchres of the righteous were denounced by the 
Master as hypocrites. 

Life service and not lip service is required of those who would perpetuate, and 
should emulate the virtues of Champlain. 

This monument is erected to him and not through the pretext of his name to 
ourselves. But, in a sense it must imply a sympathetic appreciation by this genera- 
tion and this community. Let the deed follow the profession. Self-sacrifice, integ- 
rity, devotion to duty, truth-telling, clean-living and love of God and man must 
be the aim of every man, woman and child who in heart and truth helps raise this 
monument. The aim I say, but, only by God's help, the achievement, for to few 
are given the enduring fortitude and the prevailing persistence of Champlain and 
Macdonough. 

That this monument shall stand and shall continue to stand a silent but effective 
monitor, teaching the men, the women, the boys and the girls of this valley to lead 
clean and helpful lives, and to leave behind them memories which shall encourage 
others so to live, is the hope in which this gift is accepted and will be preserved. 
(Applause.) 

Ambassador J. J. Jusserand was unavoidably absent on a visit to the 
Republic from which he is accredited to this country. He was repre- 



170 State of New York 

sented, however, on this occasion by Count de Peretti de la Rocca, 
Charge d'Affaiires de France, at Washington. Count de Peretti de la 
Rocca was introduced and spoke as follows: 

It is often said that America looks always to the future. TTie beautiful festivities 
at which we are assisting prove the contrary. Descendants of the pioneers of former 
times on this continent, which they opened up to civihzation, you are continuing 
their work. Animated by their spirit of daring and activity, you are extending each 
day the field of their conquests, and you are reaping the fruits of the harvest of 
their deeds. But you like sometimes to stop your daily toil, to come and meditate 
before the rude cradle of your great nation. 

To-day, pleasure boats sail on this beautiful lake, and its shady banks seem to 
have been intended always as a place of rest for tired city dwellers. It is not 
without some effort of imagination that we can now recall the rugged Champlain 
and his strange troop, sailing on the same lake in pursuit of the Iroquois. How- 
ever, you wished that the tourists, who come here each year in thousands, surrounded 
by luxury and beauty, should be reminded of their first great predecessor. And 
you have raised up to Champlain this monument, which does honor both to the 
initiative of your Commissions and to the talents of your architects. You found that 
there was in the life of Champlain, as in those of the other French pioneers, of whom 
your historian, Parkman, so well wrote the lives, lessons which should not be lost. 
The example of their ingenuity, which nothing could rebut, of their energy, which 
nothing could daunt, of their faith, which never was discouraged, is still a lesson of 
confidence and optimism. Pessimistic persons might perhaps point out that these 
men failed to attain their ends. They traveled over this continent seeking a way 
to China, and that way did not exist. Anyway, they hoped that the countries which 
they discovered would become the possessions of their nation and of their King, 
and now the lilies of the French monarchy have been replaced by the Stars and 
Stripes of the American democracy. But these are only partial failures and 
their efforts were not in vain. China remained closed to them, but America and its 
treasures were opened to them. The vicissitudes of events have caused a change 
of nationality in the countries discovered by them, but I am sure they are content 
in their graves on account of celebrations of their memory such as that of to-day; 
on account also of the unalterable friendship which binds your nation to theirs and 
especially on account of the confident eagerness with which, inherited from them, 
you continue and complete their work. 

Now, ladies and gentlemen, if you permit me I will add some words in my ov^ti 
language. 



The Champlain Tercentenary 171 



Cela ne sera pas pour deplaire a mon grande compatriote Champlain. 
Je tiens a exprimer au Gouverneur Dix at au Chairman Knapp tous mes remercie- 
menls pour la maniere si flatteuse at si affectueuse dont ils ont parle de mon pays. 
Je veux vous dire a tous combien je suis heureux at reconnaissant que le souvenir 
de la France ait ete si intimement associe a ces belles ceremonies. 

Enfin j'ajouterai combien j'ai ete touche par I'aimable accueil que nous a reserve 
la cite de Plattsburgh dont la beaute des paysages, le pittoresque des rues et des 
maisons, le charme des habitants m'ont tout specialement frappe. Aussi est-ce du 
fond de coeur que je forme les voeux les plus ardents pour la continuation de sa 
prosperite. 

The address was enthusiastically received. 

The Hon. John A. Stewart of New York was the next speaker and 
in the course of his address, which was extempore and therefore unre- 
ported except in substance, he said: 

From Champlain's day we have grown into the most potential nation in the 
world, but let us thank God that mere power is not the measure of a nation's 
greatness. We have become the richest nation in the world, but every day of our 
existence we should give thanks to the Almighty that our standing among the nations 
rests upon another basis than the mere possession of great wealth. We are the 
most populous among the nations of advanced civilization, but we should thank 
God that the gauge of our power and our greatness does not lie merely in 
superiority in point of numbers. A nation like the individual is great only to the 
degree of the possession of the homely virtues, the virtues of the home and fireside, 
of contentment and the peace and satisfaction which come from honest toil, from 
the day's tasks done in the proper spirit of thankfulness for all the blessings which 
have come from advantages given by a prodigal nature. The prophetic vision of 
Champlain which saw occupying the North American continent a great and a 
mighty people has been realized. It is to men of Champlain's blood that we owe 
the searching out and the discovery of the fertility of this great land and its adapta- 
tion for the uses of mankind. To those of his own race, who have succeeded him, 
we Americans are tied by the bond of a common destiny. Though separated 
politically, Canada, which is the heritage of Champlain, and this beautiful north 
country which is equally his heritage and one of the most beautiful parts of the 
great Republic, stand shoulder to shoulder in the working out of a common fate; 
for no danger can menace the one without the other sharing in that danger and no 
great national blessing can come to the one without that same blessing working 



172 State of New York 



its benefit to the other. Blessed is the land and blessed the people where the 
homely virtues are still inculcated, where that admonition of the Almighty is 
regarded not merely as an article of faith, but as a precept to be followed, " Honor 
thy father and thy mother that thy days may be long in the land which the Lord 
thy God giveth thee," for of such is the land which Champlain found and the 
people which bless him as the great discoverer. (Applause.) 

The last speaker was the Hon. Job E. Hedges of New York City, 
whose address sparkled with wit and kept the audience in a ripple of 
laughter. It was also extempore. In the course of his address he said : 

The specific things Champlain did are not so important as his motive. He was 
an epoch in history. It falls to few men to be greater than their generation. If 
we are to draw a lesson at this time, it is that physical courage unbacked by moral 
effort is futile. It is very easy to be good rhetorically. I believe in the efficacy of 
prayer, but it is possible to remain on your knees so long that you overlook a 
neighbor's distress. 

It is better to try and fail than not to endeavor. Champlain never felt that he 
was called — he just went. He never worried about prosperity. He framed his 
opinions without asking himself whether he was in the majority or not. It is better 
to practice one commandment and forget the other nine than have all of them com- 
mitted to memory as a rhetorical exercise. 

It is a great thing to have a man's memory remain 300 years without tarnish — 
or even 300 days wnthout it. It is a wonderful thing to be great and not know it. 
Champlain could have closed his eyes forever at the end of any twenty-four hours 
of his life and have said, " I have done the best I could." (Applause.) 

Benediction was then pronounced by the Rt. Rev. Monsignor M. J. 
Lavelle, Vicar General of New York, as follows : 

Father of Bounty from Whom all blessings flow, we thank Thee from the inmost 
recesses of our souls for the blessings bestowed upon our country and the human 
race, through the courage and self-sacrifice of Samuel Champlain. This monu- 
ment dedicated to his memory to-day, is a token, primarily, of our gratitude to 
Thee for the favors Thou hast granted us through Thy servant. Teach us all 
to be like him, intrepid in danger, indomitable in trial, undismayed in failure and 
unspoiled in success. May everyone who has participated in the erection and 
dedication of this monument have the grace to direct his own life in the way of 



The Champlain Tercentenary 173 



happiness and virtue, and also to be a source of benediction unto generations yet 
unborn. 

We pray Thee, O Father of Might, Wisdom and Justice, through Whom alone 
authority is rightfully administered, laws enacted and judgment decreed, assist 
with Thy Holy Spirit of Counsel and Fortitude, the President of these United 
States, that his administration may be eminently useful to Thy people over whom 
he presides, by the encouragement of virtue and religion, by wise enforcement 
of the laws in justice and in mercy, and by repressing vice and immorality. Let 
the Light of Thy Divine Wisdom shine upon the deliberations of Congress, and 
manifest itself in all the laws framed for our government, that these regulations 
may tend to the preservation of peace, the extension of National prosperity, the 
increase of industry, sobriety and useful knowledge, and may perpetuate amongst 
us (he boon of equal liberty. 

We pray also for the Governors of these two states, for the members of the 
Legislatures, for all judges and magistrates and other officials appointed to guard 
our political welfare. Aid them with Thy guiding hand, that they may be able 
to discharge the duties of their several offices with honesty and ability. 

We pray also for ail our brethren and fellow citizens throughout the United 
States, that they may be blessed in the knowledge, and sanctified in the perform- 
ance of Tliy Holy Will. Preserve us in unity, and in that peace which the 
world cannot give. And after having tasted Thy bounty here below, may we be 
admitted to the joys that are eternal. 



u- 



Part TTiree 

CONCLUSION 
175 



FEDERAL CO-OPERATION AND ASSISTANCE REN- 
DERED BY SENATORS OF THE UNITED STATES, 
REPRESENTATIVES IN CONGRESS AND OTHERS. 



13 177 



I. FEDERAL CO-OPERATION AND ASSISTANCE REN- 
DERED BY SENATORS OF THE UNITED STATES. 
REPRESENTATIVES IN CONGRESS AND OTHERS. 

THIS RECORD would be incomplete without reference to the active 
co-operation of the Government of the United States in authoriz- 
ing formal invitations to be extended through the Department of 
State to the Republic of France and the Kingdom of Great Britain in- 
cluding the Dominion of Canada to be officially represented at the Ter- 
centenary Celebration and in making ample appropriation for the enter- 
tainment of the foreign guests and of the President, Vice-President and 
other officials of the United States; and without formal acknowledgment 
in appreciation of the activities and assistance rendered by Vice-President 
James S. Sherman, whose grandfather was a navigator of Lake Cham- 
plain, and by the Senators of New York and Vermont and other states in 
the Senate of the United States and by the Representatives from those 
states in Congress. The New York and Vermont members of the Com- 
mittee on Foreign Affairs, namely, Hon. James Breck Perkins, a writer 
on French history; Hon. David J. Foster, Hon. Jacob Sloat Fassett and 
Hon. Francis Burton Harrison, all forceful and influential Representa- 
tives, assisted by Hon. John J. Fitzgerald, Hon. Edward B. Vreeland, 
Hon. George R. Malby, Hon. James S. Sherman, Hon. Michael E. 
DriscoU, Hon. John W. Dwight, Hon. William H. Draper, Hon. 
George N. Southwick, Hon. William Sulzer, Hon. William S. Bennet, 
Hon. Jacob Van Vechten Olcott, Hon. Peter A. Porter, Hon. De Alva 
S. Alexander, and other Representatives of New York, and Hon. Kitt- 
redge Haskins of Vermont, were zealous in their support of the project 
from its inception. On February 1 6, 1 909, Representative Foster of 
Vermont from the Committee on Foreign Affairs reported the following 
Joint Resolution favorably to the House, viz. : 

179 



180 State of New York 



Joint resolution (H. J. Res. 257) to authorize the Secretary of State to invite 
the Governments of France and Great Britain to participate in the proposed 
tercentenary celebration of the discovery of Lake Champlain by Samuel de 
Champlain. 

Whereas, The States of New York and Vermont, by legislation and appro- 
priation, have authorized the celebration of the three hundredth anniversary of the 
discovery of Lake Champlain by Samuel de Champlain; and 

Whereas, The date of the said celebration has been fixed for the first week in 
July. 1909; Therefore be it 

Resolved, etc.. That the Secretary of State be, and he is hereby, authorized and 
requested to extend to the Governments of France and Great Britain an invitation 
to be present at and to participate in the proposed celebration during the first 
week of July, 1 909, to commemorate the three hundredth anniversary of the dis- 
covery of Lake Champlain by Samuel de Champlain. 

When said resolution was reached on the House Calendar on 
February 17th, Mr Foster said: 

Mr. Speaker, there is very little to be said by the way of explanation of this 
resolution. A very full report accompanies it explaining fully the significance of 
the proposed celebration. As indicated in the preamble, both the States of New 
York and Vermont have appropriated money for this celebration, which will occur 
during the first week of next July. While these two states have taken the initiative, 
the occasion will be one of national significance. We are already assured that 
the President of the United States will be present and participate in the exercises. 
And the occasion will be one of international importance. For this reason it is 
desired that authority be given the State Department to extend an invitation to 
the two nations most intimately associated with the United States in the historic event 
which this celebration will commemorate. It was a son of France who discovered 
the beautiful body of water that bears his name. Canada, that loyal dominion 
of Great Britain, borders upon the lake. It is peculiarly desirable, therefore, that 
an invitation be extended to the Governments of France and Great Britain to 
participate in the celebration. 

The Joint Resolution after a brief discussion was thereupon unani- 
mously passed. 

The Report of the House Committee on Foreign Affairs was printed 
in full in the Congressional Record of March 3, 1909, in the form in 
which it was adopted and appears in the Appendix of this Report. (See 



The Champlain Tercentenary 181 

Congressional Record 60th Congress, Second Session, pp. 2531, 2582 
and 3770.) 

Speaker Joseph G. Cannon, Representative James A. Tawney of 
Minnesota, Chairman of Committee on Appropriations and other mem- 
bers of the House from states not in direct touch with the undertaking 
gave it their support. 

The Joint Resolution was favorably reported through Senator Henry 
Cabot Lodge from the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate 
on February 24, 1909, and on motion of Senator Chauncey M. Depew 
it was passed. (See Congressional Record 60th Congress, Second Ses- 
sion, p. 2987.) 

Senator TTiomas C. Piatt of New York and Senators William P. 
Dillingham and Carroll S. Page of Vermont also gave this and other 
matters pertaining to the celebration such consideration as was necessary 
to ensure Federal co-operation. The Joint Resolution was approved by 
President Roosevelt on March 2, 1909. (See Congressional Record 
60th Congress Second Session, p. 3666.) 

In this connection it will be remembered that Senator Redfield Proctor 
of Vermont and the Honorable Elihu Root, while Secretary of State 
had presented the matter at a late day in a prior session of Congress 
and had in a measure prepared the way for favorable actior) in 1909. 
Senator Proctor took deep interest in the project, but to the great regret 
of his many friends he did not live to see it carried to completion. His 
death occurred in Washington, D. C, March 4, 1908. 

His son, the Honorable Fletcher D. Proctor, while Governor of 
Vermont in 1906, had approved the original Concurrent Resolution, in- 
troduced in the House of Representatives of Vermont in November of 
that year by Hon. Robert W. McCuen of Vergennes, providing for the 
appointment of a Commission to confer with several Commissions to be 
appointed in New York and in Canada to arrange for a celebration 
of the Three Hundredth Anniversary of the Discovery of Lake 
Champlain. 



182 State of New York 

i . 

From that time on Senator Redfield Proctor and Governor Fletcher 
D. Proctor of Vermont gave the matter their official and strong personal 
support as long as they lived. 

Congressmen George R. Malby and David J. Foster were untiring 
in their efforts to insure Federal co-operation, as was Honorable Elihu 
Root, both as Secretary of State and as United States Senator, whose 
masterly address at Plattsburgh on July 7, 1 909, is a contribution to the 
history of the Iroquois Confederacy. 

The untimely deaths of Governor Fletcher D. Proctor, of Congress- 
men David J. Foster and George R. Malby before the Champlain me- 
morials were dedicated and the work of the Commissions completed, to 
whose success they had all materially contributed, were deeply deplored. 
The loss of Professor Walter E. Howard of the Vermont Commission 
and of Assemblyman Alonson T. Dominy of New York Commission, 
both of whom were desirous of co-operation in the work of their respective 
Commissions, was keenly felt by their colleagues. 

Senators John Raines and Thomas F. Grady of New York, who 
were majority and minority leaders of the Senate when the project 
was given legislative sanction, did not live to see the Champlain memorials 
constructed. Senator Patrick H. McCarren of Brooklyn, who assisted 
in interesting the Representatives in Congress from the City of New York 
in the celebration, did not live to participate in it himself. 

All these friends of the project in its initial and later stages will be 
remembered for their interest in this historical commemorative celebra- 
tion, the results of which have been felt in both hemispheres in strengthen- 
ing the amicable relations existing between the three great nations par- 
ticipating in the international festivities. Its scope in a measure was out- 
lined in the presentation of the matter to the Legislative Committees, 
making the original and second appropriation, over which Senators Wil- 
liam W. Armstrong and Jotham P. Allds in the Senate and Hon. Edwin 
A. Merritt, Jr., in the Assembly, presided. 



II. BRIEF REVIEW OF THE WORK OF THE COMMIS- 
SION AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS IN APPRECIA- 
TION OF THE ASSISTANCE RENDERED BY THE 
REPRESENTATIVES OF FOREIGN NATIONS. 
MILITARY ORGANIZATIONS AND OTHERS. 

183 



II. BRIEF REVIEW OF THE WORK OF THE COMMIS- 
SION AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS IN APPRECIA- 
TION OF THE ASSISTANCE RENDERED BY THE 
REPRESENTATIVES OF FOREIGN NATIONS. MILI- 
TARY ORGANIZATIONS AND OTHERS. 

AN OUTLINE of the work of the Commission was embodied in the 
recommendations adopted at the conclusion of the investigation 
and deliberation of the Preliminary Commission, found at pages 
21 to 40 of the First Report of this Commission. Some modifications in 
the original plan were found necessary as the preparation for the celebra- 
tion took definite form, but in the main there was substantial adherence to 
the origmal recommendations of the Preliminary Commission as may be 
seen from an examination of the Tercentenary Exercises and the trans- 
actions of the Commission hereinbefore given in some detail which in- 
volved, in addition to the celebration, the construction of two memorials 
to Samuel Champlain in the Champlain valley. One of these was a 
joint memorial constructed by the Vermont and New York Commissions 
in co-operation from funds jointly contributed by the two Commissions. 
That is the Champlain memorial at Crown Point Forts. Without the 
friendly assistance and co-operation of the Vermont Tercentenary Com- 
mission in planning and in sharing the expense involved in the construc- 
tion of the Crown Point memorial, it is not likely that two memorials 
would have been built. This Commission takes this occasion to make 
permanent record of the fact that the members of the Vermont Commis- 
sion were quite as desirous of erecting a fitting memorial to Samuel Cham- 
plain as were the members of the New York Commission, notwithstand- 
ing the fact that it was apparent to them that the joint memorial was likely 
to be located within the confines of the State of New York, rather than 
in Vermont. Undoubtedly the character of the memorial in the form of 

185 



186 State of New York 

a lighthouse and its location on a point projecting far into the waters of 
the lake where it may be seen quite as readily by the citizens of Vermont 
as by those of New York, had something to do in bringing about 
unanimity of sentiment in the action of the two Commissions in deciding 
to erect a joint memorial. 

It is hoped that this memorial will stand for all time as a monument to 
the wisdom of the two Commissions in thus performing a public duty in 
the spirit of fairness to the people of both states and in grateful appre- 
ciation of the character and services to humanity of Seimuel Champlain. 
It met with the hearty approval of the French delegation, who placed on 
it the Rodin bust, a work of art, selected by M. Hanotaux and others 
and purchased with funds contributed by His Excellency, Clement 
Armand Fallieres, President of the Republic of France, M. Raymond 
Poincare, President of the Council and Minister of Foreign Affairs, 
recently elected President of the Republic of France and many others, 
as the seal of the Republic of France. They spoke in commendation of 
its artistic proportions and of its unique symbolism of the diffusion of the 
light of civilization through the valley by Champlain and his followers, 
who sought to inculcate in the " untutored minds " of the savages in the 
region the humane principles and benign precepts of the Christian 
religion. 

The Champlain Memorial Statue at Plattsburgh was erected by the 
New York Commission out of the funds appropriated solely by the Legis- 
lature of New York. It occupies a commanding position at the outlet 
of the Saranac river overlooking the lake. The bronze statue of Cham- 
plain, the crouching Indian at its base and the granite approach together 
constitute an unique memorial, artistic in outline and worthy the dis- 
coverer of the lake, which bears his name. This will stand comparison 
with any memorial of the kind in the country. 

The Commission submits these two memorials to the considerate judg- 
ment of the people of the State in the confidence that they will meet 
with general approval. 

The Commission has thus constructed two suitable permanent me- 



The Champlain Tercentenary 187 



morials to Samuel Champlain in the valley as it was authorized to do 
by Chapter 181 of the Laws of 191 1. In this as in other matters the 
Commission has endeavored to carry out the spirit as well as the letter 
of the acts under which it performed its labors. 

In addition to the building of the Champlain memorials, the Celebra- 
tion with its varied literary, military and naval features was carried to a 
successful conclusion by the Lake Champlain Tercentenary Commis- 
sions of New York and Vermont with the co-operation of the Govern- 
ment of the United States and the attendance of the official representa- 
tives of France, Great Britain and Canada. The Dominion of Canada 
sent over the Governor-General's Foot-Guards under Lieut. Colonel 
D. R. Street with twenty-two officers and three hundred and eleven 
enlisted men and also the Fifth Royal Canadian Highlanders under 
Lt. Colonel George S. Cantlie with twenty-eight officers and four 
hundred and thirty-eight men. 

The participation of the Canadian troops in their brilliant uniforms in 
the Plattsburgh and Burlington parades on July 7 and 8, 1909, gave 
color to the marching columns and elicited the commendation of President 
Taft as well as of the French and British Ambassadors. It was a grace- 
ful compliment on the pait of the Canadian Government to the people of 
the United States and gratefully appreciated by members of the Com- 
mission and others interested in the success of the celebration, to which 
this contributed not a little. 

The presence of the French Ambassador, His Excellency, J. J. 
Jusserand, the British Ambassador, the Right Honorable James Bryce, 
the Postmaster-General of the Dominion of Canada, the Honorable 
Rodolphe Lemieux, the Premier of the Province of Quebec, Sir Lomer 
Gouin, the Lieut.-Governor of the Province of Quebec, Sir Adolphe 
Pelletier, the Vice-Admiral of the Japanese Navy, Baron Stakichi Uriu 
and others officially representing their respective Governments, gave it 
international significance, and the history of Lake Champlain in this and 
other ways has become a matter of interest to the people of other lands. 

The participation of these distinguished representatives of France, 



188 State of New York 

Great Britain, Canada and Japan in the Tercentenary Exercises added 
dignity and stateliness to the pubHc and social functions of the celebra- 
tion, which was widely commended through the press of this and other 
countries and has since become known as one of the principal com- 
morative celebrations of the century. 

TTie discriminating and brilliant addresses of the French Ambassador, 
well known as the author of " The Literary History of The Enghsh 
People " and of many other works, as well as for his celebrity as a great 
diplomat, were keenly appreciated and will be read by all interested in 
the tragic events occuring in the Champlain valley during the period of 
its French occupancy. His touching tribute to Marquis de Montcalm, 
his graceful expressions of the warmth of the friendship existing between 
the people of France and those of America and his profound apprecia- 
tion of the generous impulses of the people of New York and Vermont 
in projecting and carrying to a successful conclusion this commemorative 
celebration, in which Samuel Champlain was the central figure, will long 
be remembered. His long residence at Washington as the Ambassador 
Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of the Republic of France, 
his deep interest in American institutions and in American history, and 
his wide and favorable acquaintance with the people of this country 
have ingratiated him in their affections, until they have become accus- 
tomed to look upon the distinguished French Ambassador as a member 
of the official circle of the nation. 

The profound and illuminating addresses of the Rt. Hon. James 
Bryce, the British Ambassador Extraordinary and Minister Plenipo- 
tentiary, delivered by him at Ticonderoga, Plattsburgh and Burlington, 
were full of that ripe scholarship found in all his public papers and in 
such works as his " Holy Roman Empire, ' " The American Common- 
wealth," " Studies in History and Jurisprudence " and in his other 
treatises. They were overflowing with good will toward the people of 
this country who consider Ambassador Bryce as a staunch friend of 
American institutions, as evidenced in " The American Commonwealth " 
and in all his public addresses. 



The Champlain Tercentenary 189 

Rarely, if ever, have there been accredited to this country by foreign 
nations two Ambassadors at the same time possessing such rare literary 
and diplomatic qualities as Ambassadors Jusserand and Bryce, each of 
whom achieved distmction and has been honored in his own country. 

The able and instructive addresses of Hon. Rodolphe Lemieux, Post- 
master-General of Canada and Sir Lomer Gouin, Premier of the Prov- 
ince of Quebec, at Plattsburgh and Burlington were replete with 
historical suggestions touching the Champlain, St. Lawrence River and 
Great Lake regions and conveyed to the people south of the interna- 
tional boundary the good will of the people of Canada and their gratitude 
at the efforts being put forth to commemorate the life, the character and 
achievements of Samuel Champlain, who founded Quebec, the oldest city 
in the Dominion. There breathed through these the spirit of good will 
and genuine appreciation for what was being done in this celebration. 
The Canadian visitors created a most favorable impression and on their 
departure left many warm friends behind. 

By a fortunate coincidence, Vice-Admiral of the Japanese Navy, Baron 
Stakichi Uriu, was visiting this country during the period of the Tercen- 
tenary Celebration and was one of the invited guests of the New York 
Commission. He spoke briefly at Ticonderoga and since his return to 
Japan has conveyed to the Commission his appreciation of the honor con- 
ferred upon him in being permitted to witness the Tercentenary Celebra- 
tion and at receiving the official Report containing a record of it. 

TTie addresses of these representatives of Foreign Governments were 
entertaining and valuable contributions to the Tercentenary Exercises, 
giving them an international character exponential of events to be com- 
memorated in tracing the history of the discovery of the lake and the 
subsequent control of the territory by three successful sovereign nations. 

The Commission takes this occasion to acknowledge its obligations in 
this respect to the distinguished visitors and Foreign Governments, which 
they severally represented, for their assistance and co-operation in giving 
the Tercentenary Celebration its international character and some of its 
most charming features. 



190 State of New York 

We cannot close this report without again expressing our grateful 
appreciation to the people of France for their thoughtfulness and gen- 
erosity in sending to this country a work of art by one of their most dis- 
tinguished sculptors, to embellish the Memorial Lighthouse erected by the 
States of New York and Vermont to commemorate the life of Samuel 
Champlain. It was a delicate and beautiful expression of appreciation 
on the part of the leaders of thought and culture in our sister Republic 
across the sea to present a bust of such symbolism as " La France " as 
the seal of their approval of our efforts in this regard. 

As far as we have been able to do so, we have preserved in this report 
the addresses of M. Hanotaux and others, as well as some of their reports 
on their return to Paris, embodying their views and expressing their feel- 
ings toward the people of this nation, which throw new light on the 
sympathetic character and generous impulses of the French people. The 
coming of a delegation of so many distinguished Frenchmen was a great 
compliment to the people of this nation. This in itself was a testimonial 
of good will, appreciated fully as keenly as the work of art. The people 
of the Champlain valley and elsewhere will not be likely to forget the 
fact that in addition to the distinguished line of great Frenchmen from 
Champlain to Ambassador Jusserand, who have visited the Champlain 
valley, there came to that valley in the month of May, 1912, a delega- 
tion of the most distinguished Frenchmen representing industry, com- 
merce, science, literature and art, as well as civil and military affairs, 
jurisprudence, statesmanship and diplomacy, that ever visited this 
country. They came to place the seal of France upon the Crown Point 
Memorial Lighthouse to Samuel Champlain, and to convey to the people 
of this country the appreciation of the French Nation for what was being 
done to commemorate the life and character of one of their countrymen. 
The names of this delegation have already appeared, but let record be 
herein made of the fact that Fernand Cormon, member of the Institute 
and President of the Academy of Fine Arts, was one of the delegation 
that brought the Rodin allegorical bust from France and directed its 
location on the Champlain Memorial Lighthouse. 



The Champlain Tercentenary 191 



The President of the United States, William Howard Taft, Governor 
Charles E. Hughes, Governor George H. Prouty, Secretary of War 
Jacob M. Dickinson, Senator Elihu Root, Congressmen George R. 
Malby, David J. Foster, Frank Plumley and the other speakers, the 
poets and the clergymen who participated in the Celebration as well as 
Governor John A. Dix of New York and Governor John A. Mead of 
Vermont and other speakers and clergymen, who took part in the dedi- 
cation of the two Champlain memorials, not only put the members of the 
two Champlain Commissions, but the people of the Champlain valley 
under obligations to them for their contributions to the excellence and 
high quality of the literary exercises. 

Col. Calvin D. Cowles and staff of officers and the Fifth U. S. 
Infantry; Col. WiUiam Paulding and staff of officers and the Twenty- 
fourth U. S. Infantry; Captain William T. Littebrant and staff of officers 
and the Fifteenth U. S. Cavalry; Brigadier-General J. H. Lloyd and staff 
of officers of the Third Brigade of the National Guard, New York; Col. 
James W. Lester and staff of officers and enlisted men of the Second 
Regiment of the National Guard, New York; Col. John I. Pruyn and 
staff of officers and enlisted men of the Tenth Infantry of the National 
Guard, New York; and the Canadian Military Organizations hereto- 
fore referred to and the Flotilla, comprising the torpedo boat Martlet and 
two steam cutters named Plallshurgh and Budinglon, respectively, under 
command of Lieut. G. W. Steele, Jr., with Midshipman Gerard Brad- 
ford second in command, and L. O. Armstrong, with his company of 1 50 
Indians, descendents of the tribes originally occupying the Champlam 
valley, were important factors in the military, naval and pageant features 
of the Tercentenary Celebration contributing materially to its success. 
TTie maneuvering of these troops in the Champlain valley was suggestive 
of the military expeditions and fierce engagements that characterized its 
history for nearly two hundred years after the discovery of the lake by 
Samuel Champlain. 

This Commission takes this occasion to acknowledge its obligations 
in this direction to the conunissioned and other officers and members of 



192 State of New York 

these various military organizations as well as to the Brigadier-General, 
Major-General and other officers and members of the National Guard 
of New York, who took part in the celebration and in the dedicatory 
ceremonies of the two memorials in July, 1912. 

The Commission is also grateful to Hon. Robert Bacon, former 
Ambassador to France, to Paul Fuller, Jr., Secretary of Franco- 
American Committee, to Hon. Frank S. Witherbee, President and to 
the members of the Lake Champlain Association, to President John H. 
Finley of the College of the City of New York, to Hon. McDougall 
Hawkes, Chairman of the American Board of the French Institute in 
the United States, to Hon. Charles B. Alexander, to former Senator 
William A. Clark of New York, to Hon. A. Barton Hepburn, Presi- 
dent of the Chamber of Commerce of the State of New York and to 
all others, who assisted in the entertainment of the French Delegation 
on their visit to this country in April-May, 1912. 

Acknowledgment is also made of the entertainment of the members 
of the Preliminary Champlain Commission by the Hon. and Mrs. Nelson 
W. Fisk at their home at Isle La Motte on September 7, 1907, and of 
the transportation of the members of that Commission on the Valcour, 
owned by Hon. Joseph C. Sibley, to Burlington in the afternoon of that 
day, where they were entertained by the Ethan Allen Club in the 
evening. Representative Sibley also placed his yacht, Valcour, at the 
disposition of the Commission during the week of the Celebration. 

It will also be remembered that Mr. and Mrs. Stephen H. P. Pell 
entertained President Taft and other distinguished guests at their home 
at Ticonderoga on July 6, 1909, and also the French delegation on 
May 3, 1912. 

Commissioner and Mrs. Walter C. Witherbee entertained members of 
the Commission at their beautiful home at Port Henry on July 5, 1909. 

Through the courtesy of Col. Robert M. Thompson, accommodations 
were provided by him for entertainment of members of the Commission at 
Ticonderoga on July 5 and 6, 1 909. 



The Champlain Tercentenary 193 

Commissioner Howland Pell entertained the members of the Com- 
mission at his reconstructed Germain Redoubt at Ticonderoga on May 
3. 1909. 

Hon. John R. Myers of Rouse's Point supervised the transportation of 
the participants in the Indian pageamts during the celebration and in other 
ways aided the Commission in its labors. 

Frank H. Severance, secretary of the Buffalo Historical Society, was 
secretary of the Preliminary Lake Champlain Commission and prepared 
two historical papers, which appeared in the First Report of this Commis- 
sion. In these respects and otherwise he rendered important services to 
this Commission. 

The Notes on the Archaeology of the Champlain valley, contained in 
the Appendix of this volume, by Prof. George H. Perkins, Ph.D., state 
geologist of Vermont, is a valuable contribution to this Report and is 
gratefully appreciated by the members of this Commission. 

The typographical excellence of the First Report of this Commission 
elicited general commendation and the State Printers, J. B. Lyon Com- 
pany of Albany, New York, have spared no pains in the presswork of this 
Final Report to insure its general excellence. 

The exhaustive analytical Index to the First Report and also that to the 
Final Report, prepared by Charles Alexander Nelson, A. M., will 
greatly facilitate their usefulness for historical and other purposes. 

The members of the Commission were among the invited guests of the 
Hudson-Fulton Commission during that memorable celebration. 

All these were gratefully appreciated as well as all other things done and 
courtesies shown to the Commission by the people of the Champlain valley 
in their enthusiastic support of the project of suitably celebrating the dis- 
covery of the lake. 

In concluding their work, the Commissioners take this occasion to ex- 
press their appreciation of the generous support and wide publicity given 
to the Tercentenary project by the Press of this Country and of Canada, 
which contributed much to the popular interest shown in this commemora- 
tive celebration. 
14 



III. HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE TERCEN- 
TENARY CELEBRATION 

196 



III. HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE TERCEN- 
TENARY CELEBRATION 

IF THE Tercentenary Celebration has awakened a deeper popular 
interest in the history of the Champlain valley, and as a result of 
that a broader and more profound appreciation of the principles of 
civil and religious liberty underlying our American institutions, and of 
the heroic sacrifices made by the founders of this government to insure 
its perpetuity, then the members of the Commission and the people of 
the state may feel well repaid for all efforts put forth in its prosecution. 

In the various papers and addresses of the celebration frequent allu- 
sion was made to the important events occurring in the several epochs 
of the history of Lake Champlain, and many of these were elaborated 
upon at some length. It was not possible, however, to do more. 

The critical history of the Champlain valley is yet to be written. For 
three centuries it has been the arena wherein have occurred many crucial 
events affecting the evolution and the character of American institutions. 

Ira Allen in his " Natural and Political History of the State of Ver- 
mont," Francis Parkman in his various historical works, Hon. Lucius E. 
Chittenden in his addresses and public papers, Peter S. Palmer in his 
" History of Lake Champlain," and in his " History of the Battle of 
Valcour on Lake Chcimplain," Winslow C. Watson in his " History of 
Essex County," his " Pioneer History of the Champlain Valley " and 
his " Men and Times of the Revolution," TTiomas Hawley Canfield in 
his " Discovery, Navigation and Navigators of Lake Champlain." 
Zadock Thompson in his histories of the State of Vermont and in his 
" Northern Guide," Hiland Hall in his " History of Vermont," 
Winslow C. Watson in his " Military and Political History of Essex 
County," [N. Y.] in the "History of Essex County," [N. Y.] by 
H. P. Smith, in the papers entitled " The First Battle of Lake Cham- 
plain," by George F. Bixby, Rev. Joseph Cook in his " Historical 
Address at the Centennial Anniversary of the Settlement of Ticon- 
deroga," and in other addresses and writings, Walter H. Crockett in 

197 



198 State of New York 

his " History of Lake Champlain," and others, have given much of the 
history of the successive periods, ahhough the works of some of these 
are necessarily too hmited to include a complete history of the region in 
all its amplitude and in all its details. 

In the papers and proceedmgs of the Vermont Historical Society, as 
well as in the " Documents Relative to the Colonial History of the State 
of New York " and the " Documentary History of the State of New 
York," and in other transcripts of documents in foreign and American 
archives, and in the Military Records of the United States, France, Great 
Britain and Canada may be found much material relating to the history 
of Lake Champlain. There will be found in such libraries as the State 
Library at Albany, the State Library at Montpelier, the library of the 
Ticonderoga Historical Society, the libraries at Port Henry and at 
Plattsburgh, as well as in the library at Middlebury College and in the 
library of the University of Vermont, at Burlington, Vt., in the Collections 
of the New York State Historical Association, the New York, Massa- 
chusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island and other State Historical Societies, 
and in the libraries of Ottawa, Montreal and Quebec, maps, charts, docu- 
ments and other material relating to the region. The foreign material is 
confined principally to events occurring prior to 1 783, except such British 
and Canadian documents as relate to the War of 1812. 

The correspondence between the Colonial Governors and military and 
naval officers in America, including General Jeffrey Amherst and Gen- 
eral John Burgoyne, with William Pitt and other representatives of the 
home government, throws much light on the events of the British period 
from 1 758 to 1 783. Other historical writings and standard histories 
may also be consulted with profit. 

Since the conclusion of the War of 1812 the history of the Cham- 
plain valley has been that of a record of the settlement, the agricultural 
and mineral development of the territory bordering on the lake, and of 
an active transportation and commercial business done on the lake until 
the construction of railroads paralleling it on either side, which checked 
the volume of transportation by water as well as the active passenger 
service that had been done by steamers for three-quarters of a century. 



The Champlain Tercentenary 199 

The completion of the barge canal between the Hudson and Lake 
Champlain may to some extent restore the volume of transportation on 
the lake. 

From pre-historic times the Champlain valley has been one of the 
thoroughfares of successive nations occupying the region, inviting alike to 
discoverer, trader, pioneer, warrior and traveler. It was but natural that 
its circumjacent shores and beautiful islands should become the homes 
of sturdy men, breathing the ozone of the mountain air wafted down into 
the valley, and possessing an independence and resolution found in such 
men as the Aliens, the Warrens, the Bakers, and the Chittendens. It 
was this spirit which moved Ira Allen to incorporate in the first constitu- 
tion of Vermont, adopted July 2 to 8, 1 777, a mandatory provision pro- 
viding for a common school in each town, a grammar school in each 
county, and a university in the state, and afterward he gave all his 
property to found the University of Vermont. 

The conditions obtaining in the Champlain valley during the Tercen- 
tenary Celebration were thus picturesquely but aptly described by Dr. 
Hamilton Wright Mabie, the Tercentenary orator at Ticonderoga, in the 
Outlook of July 31. 1909: 

* * * Never were conditions more favorable for such a celebration as 
that planned in honor of Champlain's discovery. Barring one day, the weather 
was perfect. Refreshing breezes swept through the gaps between the soft blue 
domes on either side of the lake, tempering the ardor of the sun's rays, while the 
air was of that crystalline clarity, which exhilarates and draws from man involuntary 
exclamations of gladness for the fact of mere existence. Each day a pageant of 
great, snowy clouds swept across the deep blue sky, adding to the dreamy charm 
of the background of the celebration. The spectator's manipulation of the pigments 
of language is not so perfect as was Turner's of paints; but he wishes it were, in 
order that he might convey an impression of the changing lights and shadows and 
tints, which presented new combinations of color with every passing moment. From 
the moment the rays of the rising sun shot through the notches in the Green 
Mountains, informing the visitor that he or she must be up and doing if the event 
of the day was to be wntnessed, until the golden afterglow had ceased to define the 
rounded heights of the Adirondacks and the amethystine tints of the mountain sides 
had deepened into the black shadow of night, each hour had a fresh temptation 
for the artist. 



IV. REPRESENTATIVE MEN OF THE CHAMPLAIN 

REGION 

201 



IV. REPRESENTATIVE MEN OF THE CHAMPLAIN 

REGION 

OUT from that valley have come a host of statesmen: Stephen A. 
Douglas, Samuel Prentice, Solomon Foote, Silas Wright, 
Samuel S. Phelps, Jacob Collamer, Robert S. Hale, William 
A. Wheeler, Chester A. Arthur, George F. Edmunds, John M. 
TTiurston, born at Montpelier, August 21, 1847, and U. S. Senator 
from Nebraska, 1895 to 1901; Matthew H. Carpenter, born at 
Moretown, December 12.^ 1824, U. S. Senator from Wisconsin, 
1869 to 1875, and from 1879 to February 25, 1881; Jacob M. 
Howard, born at Shaftsbury, July 10, 1805, representative in Con- 
gress from Michigan from 1841 to 1843 and U. S. Senator from 
1862 to 1871; William Pitt Kellogg, born at Orwell, December 8, 
1831, U. S. Senator from Louisiana, 1868 to 1874; Leslie M. 
Shaw, born at Morristown, Vt., November 2, 1848, Governor of 
Iowa in 1 898 to 1 902, and became Secretary of U. S. Treasury on 
February 1, 1902, under President Theodore Roosevelt; Alexander W. 
Buel, born in Rutland m 1813, representative from Michigan in Con- 
gress from 1849 to 1850; Selucius Garfielde, born at Shoreham, De- 
cember 8, 1822, and representative from Washington Territory in the 
41st and 42d Congresses; Josiah B. Grinnell, born at New Haven, De- 
cember 22, 1821, and representative from Iowa in the 38th Congress; 
Joseph Ketchum Edgerton, born in Vergennes, February 16, 1818, and 
representative from Indiana in the 38th Congress; J. Allen Barber, born 
at Georgia, Vt., member of the first Constitutional Convention of Wis- 
consin and representative from Wisconsin in the 42d and 43d Con- 
gresses; Lucien B. Caswell, born at Swanton, Vt., representative from 
Wisconsin in the 44th— 47th Congresses; Joel Turrel, born at Shoreham, 
Vt., February 22, 1794, and representative from New York in Congress 
from 1833 to 1837; John Fassett Follett, born in Franklin County, Vt., 
and representative from Ohio in 48th Congress; Stephen C. Millard, 

203 



204 State of New York 

born at Stamford, January 14, 1841, representative from New York in 
the 48th and 49th Congresses; John M. Parker, born at Granville, N. Y.. 
June 14, 1805, and representative in Congress from 1855-9; Aaron F. 
Perry, born at Leicester, Vt., January 1 , 1815, representative from Ohio 
in 42d Congress; Ossian Ray, born at Hinesburgh, Vt., December 13, 
1815, and representative from New Hampshire in the 46th and 47th 
Congresses; Almon H. Read, born at Shelburne, Vt., June 12, 1790, 
representative from Pennsylvania in Congress from 1842-1844; John 
Gilbert Sawyer, born at Brandon, Vt., June 5, 1825, and a representa- 
tive from New York in the 49th and 50th Congresses ; Philetus Sawyer, 
who spent his youth in the Adirondacks, was a representative from 
Wisconsin in the 39th and ten succeeding Congresses, and in 1881 elected 
to the United States Senate and re-elected in 1 887, where he served with 
great distinction; George Willard, born at Bolton, Vt., March 20, 1824, 
and a representative from Michigan in 43d and 44th Congresses; Joseph 
W. Babcock, born at Swanton, Vt., March 6, 1850, and representative 
from Wisconsin in the 53d to the 60th Congresses; Martin J. Wade, born 
at Burlington, Vt., October 20, 1861, and representative from Iowa in 
the 58th Congress; George Edmund Foss, born at Berkshire, Vt., July 2, 
1863, a representative from Illinois in the 54th to 62d Congresses; Eugene 
N. Foss, born at West Berkshire, Vt., September 24, 1 858, representative 
from Massachusetts in Congress in 1910, and Governor of Massachusetts 
since 1910, and such diplomats as John A. Kasson, George P. Marsh, 
Levi P. Morton, Edward J. Phelps, and such journalists as James R. 
Spalding, founder of the New York World, Jeremiah Evarts, father 
of William M. Evarts, and scores of others. Some of these, however, 
were not born in the valley, but they received their early impressions from 
conditions existing there, while attending college or spendmg their youth 
in that invigorating atmosphere. Among such was Henry J. Raymond, 
who took his course at the University of Vermont, and became founder 
of the New York Times and representative in Congress during the 
Lincoln administration. 

In the Congressional representation of the Champlain valley occur the 



The Champlain Tercentenary 205 

names of many distinguished citizens: Peter Sailly of Plattsburgh, repre- 
sentative in Congress in 1804, who enjoyed the confidence of President 
Thomas Jefferson and who appealed to the Secretary of the Treasury in 
August, 1813, to prevent the further destruction of property on the west 
side of the lake, where, he said, " there is not a military post nor a soldier 
to be seen "; Hon. Reuben H. Walworth of Plattsburgh, representative 
in Congress in 1821-1823 and Chancellor for the State from 1828 to 
1848; General Henry H. Ross of Essex, representative in the 19th Con- 
gress and on General Macomb's staff at the battle of Plattsburgh; Hon. 
Augustus C. Hand of Elizabethtown, representative in Congress in 1 839- 
1840; Hon. William Slade of Middlebury, representative in Congress 
from 1 83 1 to 1 843 ; Hon. Lemuel Stetson of Plattsburgh, representative 
in the 28th Congress and later County Judge of Clinton County; Hon. 
Orlando Kellogg of Elizabethtown, a representative in the 30th, 38th and 
39th Congresses, and an intimate friend of President Lincoln; George R. 
Andrews of Ticonderoga, representative in Congress, 1849-1850, and 
later Justice of the Supreme Court; George A. Simmons of Keeseville, 
one of the most eminent lawyers in the State at that time and representative 
in Congress in 1853-1855; Hon. Frederick E. Woodbridge of Ver- 
gennes, representative in Congress for several terms; Hon. Robert S. 
Hale of Elizabethtown, N. Y., representative in Congress in 1865; 
Hon. George W. Palmer of Plattsburgh, representative in the 35th and 
36th Congresses; Judge Homer E. Royce of St. Albans, Vt., representa- 
tive in Congress and later Chief Judge of the Supreme Court of Vermont; 
Hon. John W. Stewart of Middlebury, Vt., representative in Congress 
and United States Senator; Hon. Henry G. Burleigh, representative in 
the 48th and 49th Congresses; Judge Horace Henry Powers of Morris- 
ville, Vt., Chief Judge of the Supreme Court of Vermont and representa- 
tive in Congress from 1890 to 1900; John H. Moffit of Plattsburgh, 
representative in the 50th and 5 1st Congresses; Hon. John M. Wever 
of Plattsburgh, representative in the 52d and 53d Congresses; Hon. 
Wallace T. Foote, Jr. of Port Henry, representative in the 54th and 
55th Congresses; Richard Keese, representative in the 20th Congress; 



206 State of New York 



Orange Ferris, representative in the 40th Congress; John Rogers, repre- 
sentative in the 42d Congress ; John Hammond, representative in the 46th 
and 47th Congresses; Roswell G. Horr, representative in the 46th, 
47th and 48th Congresses; and others. 

Honorable Azariah C. Flagg of Plattsburgh w^as Secretary of State 
in 1826, and State Comptroller in 1834, and Hon. John F. O'Brien 
of Plattsburgh was Secretary of State from 1903 to 1907. 

Hon. St. John B. L. Skinner of Clinton County w^as Postmaster- 
General under Andrew Johnson. 

Among the early settlers, who located in Plattsburgh, were Judge 
Zephaniah Piatt, formerly of Poughkeepsie, member of the first Provin- 
cial Congress of New York and a member of the Convention called to 
consider the Federal Constitution and the advisability of its adoption; 
Judge Melancton Smith, a native of Queens County, member of the 
First Provincial Congress of New York from Dutchess County and an 
opponent of Hamilton and Livmgston m the Convention called to con- 
sider the advisability of the ratification of the Federal Constitution; and 
Judge Thomas Treadwell, a member of the First Provincial Congress 
of New York and of the Convention called to formulate the First State 
Constitution, who was also a member of the Convention called to con- 
sider the Federal Constitution and the advisability of its adoption. 

In a later period, it will be remembered that Hon. Matthew Hale, 
Hon. Francis Lynde Stetson, Hon. John I. Gilbert, Hon. Richard L. 
Hand, and others were natives of the Champlain valley. 

Many judges have been natives of the Champlain valley. Some of 
them have served in the courts of Vermont and New York, but more 
have become residents of other states, and there filled judicial positions 
in the state and Federal Courts. It would be interesting to record the 
names of all such judges who had their birth in the Champlain valley, if 
space permitted. We must content ourselves, however, with giving the 
names of a few. The first of these to occur to one is Samuel Nelson, 
born at Hebron, N. Y., November 10, I 792, who was a member of the 
State Constitutional Conventions of 1821 and 1846, a Justice of the 
Supreme Court of New York from 1831 to 1845, and a Judge of the 



The Champlain Tercentenary 207 



Supreme Court of the United States from 1845 to 1872, one of the 
longest judicial tenures ever held by a judge in this country. 

The following may also be mentioned: Chancellor Reuben H. Wal- 
worth, Samuel Hand, Judge of the Court of Appeals, Judges, John 

C. Churchill, William Sweetland, John Lynda, Charles Henry Phelps, 
Aldace F. Walker, Wheelock G. Veazey, William P. Kellogg, Henry 
Chipman, Pliny Moore, John M. Parker, George Martin, Mark Skinner, 
Charles L. Benedict, John Alexander Jameson, Melville A. Sheldon, 
Eugene E. Sheldon, Walter C. Dunton, Perry G. Ellsworth, Joseph 
Potter, S. Alonzo Kellogg, Chester B. McLaughlin. Winslow C. Wat- 
son, Albert C. Barnes, Henry T. Kellogg, Jesse Walker, Thomas H. 
Noonan, John H. Booth, and John B. Riley. 

Only a few of the lawyers, who were natives of the Champlain valley, 
can be mentioned out of the great number that have gone forth to take 
up their residences elsewhere. Many of them have located in New York 
and other Atlantic states, although a goodly number have located in the 
Central and Western states, and are among the persons heretofore men- 
tioned as holding, or who have held official positions. 

In addition to such, however, may also be mentioned George L. Clarke, 
Hon. Smith M. Weed, Hon. George M. Beckwith. Hon. Robert 

D. Benedict, Hon. Thomas F. Conway, Elroy N. Clark, Charles W. 
Waterman, George Murray Wright, John C. Clark, Hon. John J. Allen, 
James M. Gifford, William L. G. Smith, Hon. Benjamin E. Hall, Charles 

E. Shaw, James B. Ross, Hon. Henry W. Hill, member of the New 
York Constitutional Convention of 1894 and State Senator from 1901 
to 191 I, Julius H. Seymour, George W. Alger, Adelbert W. Boynton, 
Hon. Daniel Roberts, Charles C. Farnham, Samuel B. Botsford, Harold 
J. Adams, Hon. Lucian L. Shedden, Oliver D. Barrett, Rome G. Brown 
and Charles F. Blair. 

Among the natives of the Champlain valley who entered the Army 
and Navy during the Civil War and since that time were Gen'l Wm. F. 
Smith, Gen'l George J. Stannard, Gen'l William Wells, Col. Frank 
Palmer, Col. George F. Nichols, Lieut. Matthew M. Standish, Gen'l 



208 State of New York 



Stephen Moffitt, Col. John Hammond, Rear Admiral John W. Moore, 
Commodore A. V. Wadhams, Admiral George Dewey, and many others, 
who maintained the high standards of efficiency and bravery exhibited by 
those who a century earlier participated in the engagements at Ticon- 
deroga, Bennington and Saratoga, and in the naval engagements of 
Valcour and Plattsburgh Bay. 

In addition to those already ncimed, there have come from the Cham- 
plain valley many to fill positions of responsibility in the state and nation, 
of whom only the following few need be mentioned, viz.. Loyal L. 
Smith the philanthropist, Hon. John H. Converse, President of the 
Balduan Locomotive Works, Thomas Waterman Wood, President of 
the National Academy of Design in 1891, Hon. Stephen A. Walker, at 
one time Commissioner of the Board of Education of the State of New 
York, Hon. Darwin P. Kingsley, President of the New York Life 
Insurance Company, the late Dr. Abel Mix Phelps, the orthopedic sur- 
geon, Henry H. Vail, publisher of school books, Samuel Sheldon, expert 
in electric science, Charles F. Longworth, expert in food products, 
Augustus Torrey, chief engineer of M. C. R. R., Rt. Rev. Bishop Edgar 
P. Wadhams of Ogdensburg, Rev. Byron Sunderland of Washington, 
D. C, the late Rev. Constans Liberty Goodell, D. D. of St. Louis, Mo., 
Rev. George F. Herrick, D. D., author of many Biblical works, located 
in Constantinople, Rev. George F. Hunting, D. D., President of Alma 
College, author of many papers and poems. Rev. George B. Spalding, 
President William Nelson Ferrin of Pacific University, Prof. Warren 
H. Landon, the late Prof. Walter E. Howard, Prof. John Dewey of 
Columbia University, Prof. Davis R. Dewey of Boston, Prof. Frank E. 
Woodruff of Bowdoin College, the Hon. Edwin Ferry Johnson, civil 
engineer and educator, James R. Chapman, General Manager of the 
Metropolitan District Electric Traction Company of London, England, 
Charles A. Catlin, expert in chemistry, and others. 

Among the prominent educators of the Champlain valley have been 
Presidents James Marsh, Joseph Torrey and Matthew H. Buckham, 
all of the University of Vermont; Presidents Benjamin Larabee, Ezra 



The Champlain Tercentenary 209 

Brainerd and John M. TTiomas, all of Middlebury College, Captain 
John Alden Patridge, and Presidents Allen Danvers Brown and 
Charles Horace Spooner, all of Norwich University. TTiese were and 
are representatives of the higher culture of its educational institutions. 

There have also been many noted and learned professors, filling their 
respective chairs in these educational institutions since their foundation, 
with distinction. These institutions have maintained educational stand- 
ards so high that they have exerted a marked influence on the culture and 
refinement of people residing in and outside of the valley. Other educa- 
tional institutions have also made their influence felt on students coming 
from the Champlain valley, as well as on their graduates returning to it, 
thereby contributing materially to the intellectual uplift of the people of 
the territory. All this is evidenced by the large number of liberally 
educated men and women who have gone forth to fill civic, technical, 
professional, political and other positions with marked ability, in various 
parts of the country. 

Representatives of the Champlain valley are found in the Army, the 
Navy and in all departments of the national Government, as well as in 
the various state governments. They will also be found in the learned 
professions, in commercial, technical, engineering, mechanical and 
electrical pursuits, and are thus spreading abroad the professional, techni- 
cal and general information, which they have received in the institutions 
of the Champlain valley and in the institutions outside of the Champlain 
valley, which they attended. 

If space permitted, it might be of interest to submit a bibliography of 
the works of the authors, who have at various times lived in the Cham- 
plain valley. A few only need be cited to show their character and scope. 

In addition to his services as a civilian and a Major-General of the 
State Militia, Ira Allen wrote the " National and Political History of 
the State of Vermont," and many state papers, wherein were treated 
matters in controversy between the State of New York and the people 
under the New Hampshire grants. 

The state papers of Governor George Clinton of New York, and 

15 



210 State of New York 

Governor Thomas Chittenden of Vermont, in relation to matters in dis- 
pute between New York and Vermont, and the correspondence between 
Nathaniel Chipman and Alexander Hamilton in relation to the boundary 
dispute, and the speech of Alexander Hamilton before a committee of 
the Assembly in relation to the same matter, and the controversy as to 
the boundary line between the two states, and other matters of interest 
to both commonwealths, form a most important chapter in the early 
history of the two states, and are contained in the Documentary History 
of New York and the publications of the Vermont Historical Society. 

As an evidence of the intellectual and moral culture of the people of 
the Champlain valley, attention is called to the writings of James Marsh, 
President of the University of Vermont, including his Preliminary Essay 
to Samuel Taylor Coleridge's "Aids to Reflection." 

Dr. Joseph Torrey, President of the University of Vermont, read an 
important paper on " The Discovery and Occupation of Lake Cham- 
plain," before the Vermont Historical Society, on October 16, 1860, 
and he also wrote a work, which had an extensive sale, known as "A 
Theory of Fine Art," but he is widely known as the translator of 
Neander's " General History of the Christian Religion and Church." 

Hie works of George P. Marsh, for many years United States 
Minister to Turkey and Italy, include " Lectures on the English Lan- 
guage," published in 1861, "The Origin and History of the English 
Language," published in 1862, "The Earth as Modified by Human 
Action," published in 1874, some of which were standard treatises. 

Judge Edmund Hatch Bennett was the author of an edition of the 
works of Judge Joseph Story and also of an hundred volumes of law 
reports. 

Rev. William G. T. Shedd, lecturer at the University of Vermont, 
was a prolific writer on historical, philosophical and literary subjects, and 
his works became standard authorities on the subjects treated. 

Thomas Jefferson Conant of Middlebury, born at Brandon, Vt., and 
a graduate of Middlebury College, was the author of various Biblical 
works, and a member of the American Bible Revision Committee 



The Champlain Tercentenary 211 

Rev. John B. Wentworth, D. D., was the author of "The Logic of 
Introspection," and " The Philosophy of Methodism." 

Rev. George N. Boardman, graduate of Middlebury College, was 
the author of the " History of New England Theology." 

Samuel Ward Boardman, of Middlebury College, was the author 
of "Arbitration " and other works. 

Rev. Charles Marsh Mead, a graduate of Middlebury College, was 
the author of several works, and a member of the American Bible Re- 
vision Committee. 

Prof. John E. Goodrich, D. D., of the University of Vermont, is the 
author of several historical papers, including a volume entitled " Vermont 
Revolutionary Rolls," and parts of the Standard Dictionary and other 
publications. 

Col. George Grenville Benedict of Burlington, President of the 
Vermont Historical Society, was the author of " Vermont in the Civil 
War " in two volumes, and " Vermont at Gettysburg," and "Army 
Life m Virginia." 

Prof. George H. Perkins of the University of Vermont is the author 
of several works and reports on the Geology of Vermont and the archae- 
ology of the Lake Champlain region. 

Prof. Brainard Kellogg, formerly of Middlebury College, is the author 
of several school and college text books. 

A recent work is " TTiree Centuries in Champlain Valley," by Mrs. 
George Fuller Tuttle of Plattsburgh, Regent of Saranac Chapter, 
Daughters of American Revolution. 

Several works have heretofore been cited in this report relating to the 
history of Lake Champlain, by persons residing in the valley and deeply 
interested in its history. All these will be carefully examined by students 
and writers of the events occurring in the Champlain valley. 

Among the poets of the valley is John G. Saxe, bom at Highgate, 
Vt., June 2, 1816, a graduate of Middlebury College in 1839. It has 
been said of him that he was second only to Dr. Holmes as a humorist. 

Lucretia Maria Davidson of Plattsburgh, a promising poetess, died at 
an early age, in 1825. 



212 State of New York 

^^— — — 

For many years Julia Ward Howe, born in New York, resided in 
Rutland county, and wrote poetry. Her principal poem is the " Battle 
Hymn of the Republic. " 

Rev. Orville G. Wheeler, born at Charlotte, Vt., resided in Grand 
Isle county, and wrote poems occasionally, the principal one of which 
is his Semi-Centennial Poem of the University of Vermont, read in 1 854. 

Daniel L. Cady, L.H.D., a graduate of the University of Vermont 
in the class of 1 886, was the poet at the Tercentenary Exercises at Platts- 
burgh, and his poem entitled " Champlain and Lake Champlain " is an 
Epic of the Champlain valley. 

Prof. Davis R. Dewey is the author of a work and several papers on 
Economics and kindred subjects, and has done much in that field of 
political science. 

Prof. John Dewey is the author of one or more works on Psychology, 
and is one of the leading authorities in this country on philosophical 
subjects. 

Rev. George F. Wright, D. D., born in WTiitehall, is the author of 
many works, including the annual publications known as " Records of the 
Past." He is also the author of " Logic of Christian Evidences," and 
works on geological and archaeological subjects. 

Rev. Joseph Cook, born at Ticonderoga in 1838, after pursuing his 
studies in American and German universities, delivered several courses of 
lectures in Boston, New York and elsewhere, on current topics and on 
such subjects as "Transcendentalism," "Orthodoxy," etc., with such 
clearness and force as to arouse deep interest in them, notwithstanding 
their abstruseness. His lectures were published in book form and widely 
read. His noted " Centennial Address " at Ticonderoga on July 25, 
1864, is a valuable contribution to the history of Lake Champlain, in 
which he took a deep interest. In some respects he was one of the best 
informed living writers on the subject at the time of his death. 

The Hon. Lucius E. Chittenden, born in Williston, Vt., May 24, 
1824, who became Register of the United States Treasury under 
President Lincoln, collected a valuable library relating to the history of 
Lake Champlain, and delivered the annual address before the Vermont 



The Champlain Tercentenary 213 

Historical Society on October 8, 1872, on the "Capture of Ticon- 
deroga." He is also the author of *' Recollections of President Lincoln 
and his Administration," and other works. 

Henry W. Hill, President of the Buffalo Historical Society, a native 
of Isle La Motte, Vt, one of the first points visited by Samuel Champlain 
in the valley, is the author of " Waterways and Canal Construction in 
New York State," of *' The Development of Constitutional Law in the 
Slate of New York," the framer of several constitutional provisions of 
New York, a contributor to the Bibliophile edition of the works of 
Horace, the author of several articles in encyclopaedias and the compiler 
and editor of the Reports of the New York Lake Champlain Ter- 
centenary Commission. 

Hon. Robert Roberts of Burlington, Vermont, is the author of the 
valuable Digest of the Vermont Reports. 

Charles W. Baker is the author of " Monopolies and the People " and 
editor of the Engineering News, New York City. 

Moses Nelson Baker is the author of books, papers and numerous 
articles on engineering, sanitation, and economic subjects, and associate 
editor of the Engineering Nelvs, New York City. 

Kirby Flower Smith, Ph.D., a native of Rutland county, Vermont, 
a graduate of the University of Vermont in 1884, is the Dean of the 
Latin Faculty of Johns Hopkms University and is the author of several 
articles, books and papers on various phases of the Latin language and 
the literature of the Romans. He is one of the leading authorities of 
America in this domain of classical literature. 

Henry Norman Hudson of Cornwall, Vt., a graduate of Middlebury 
college, was one of the principal Shakspearian scholars in the United 
States at the time of his death in 1 886. 

One of the more recent contributors to the literature of the Cham- 
plain region was the late Robert O. Bascom of Fort Edward. A bibliog- 
raphy of his papers may be found in the New York State Historical Asso- 
ciation Publications, vol. 10, p. 301. 

Frederick B. Richards, Secretary of the New York State Historical 
Association, Hon. James A. Holden. State Historian, Victor Hugo 



214 State of New York 

Paltsits, former State Historian, Dr. George F. Bixby, Dr. William 
A. E. Cummings, President of the Ticonderoga Historical Society, and 
others, have contributed valuable papers in recent years on different 
phases of the History of Lake Champlain, some of which have been 
included in the publications of the New York State Historical Association. 

James Buckham, son of President Matthew H. Buckham, the essayist 
and poet, whose writings possess a charm and purity of diction not unlike 
those of Matthew Arnold. 

Prof. James R. Wheeler, Ph.D., of Columbia University, one of the 
leading authorities in this country on the Greek language, archaeology 
and art. 

Bert Hodge Hill, Ph.D., of Bristol, Vt., is Director of American 
School of Classical Studies at Athens, Greece. 

Rev. Earl M. Wilbur, a graduate of the University of Vermont, is Dean 
of the Pacific Unitarian School at Berkeley, Cal. 

These are a few of the native authors and writers of the Champlain 
valley, and the list might be extended, if space permitted. 

Others might be cited, but the foregoing will suffice to show the trend 
of thought in the Champlain valley and that it has been quite as pro- 
ductive of men of noble culture as any other part of the country. TTiis 
may have been lost sight of in the attention given to its more spectacular 
and thrilling military and naval history. But for a century past, the 
amenities of peace and the fruition of high ideals have accelerated its 
intellectual and moral uplift and contributed to that general culture 
which has long prevailed in the Champlain valley. 

Its residents are for the most part well-trained, thoughtful, cultured 
people. They thoroughly appreciated the Tercentenary exercises, as 
well as the dedicatory ceremonies. The social as well as the atmospheric 
conditions there are wholesome and invigorating, consequently it is fast 
becoming the resort during the summer months of the people from the 
metropolis and other cities, seeking rest and recreation under conditions 
that are healthful and inspiring. The Tercentenary celebration brought 
its advantages to the attention of a large portion of our population, who 
may find in the Champlain valley such resorts as they need for health and 
pleasure. 



V. CONCLUSION OF THE WORK OF THE NEW YORK 
LAKE CHAMPLAIN TERCENTENARY COMMIS- 
SION 



215 




HENRY W. HILL 




H. WALLACE KNAPP 




WALTER C. WITHERBEE 





JAMES J. FRAWLEY JAMES A. FOLEY 

NEW YORK COMMISSIONERS 




JOHN B. RILEY 



LOUIS C. LAFONTAINE 



HOWLAND PELL 




JAMES SHEA 



WILLIAM R. WEAVER 



NEW YORK COMMISSIONERS 



V. CONCLUSION OF THE WORK OF THE NEW YORK 
LAKE CHAMPLAIN TERCENTENARY COMMIS- 
SION 

THE WORK of the Commission was done largely through committees 
after a presentation and consideration of such problems as arose 
under instructions adopted at formal sessions of the Commission 
from time to time with reference to the conduct of the celebration and 
the construction of memorials. The Commission held upwards of thirty- 
seven formal sessions and the results may be seen in the work accomplished. 
From the first it was the purpose of the Commission to organize and carry 
to a successful conclusion such a celebration as would be in keeping with 
the dignity of the state and true to the historical events to be commemo- 
rated. The members of the Commission fully appreciate their limita- 
tions in undertaking to present in outline the history of the Champlain 
valley in the form necessarily pursued in the Tercentenary Celebration, 
which President Taft humorously characterized as a " traveling show," 
but there was no other way suggested or that occurred to members of 
the Commission, whereby that could be done and any adequate pre- 
sentation of the tragic events following the discovery of the lake could 
be made, than that adopted by the Commission. 

Though there may not have been given *' the substance," the mem- 
bers trust that they may not have failed to so present its essentials as to 
enable many to behold something of what Professor William M. Sloane 
denominates " the vision of history," as unfolded in the Champlain valley. 

Activities of the Tercentenary Commissioners 
The multifarious duties, devolving upon the members of Lake Cham- 
plain Tercentenary Commission during the period of five years of its 
existence, and involving activities of a wide range and great detail, may 
never be fully appreciated nor even fully understood. The members of 
the Commission were business and professional men actively engaged, 
but they were so deeply interested in the celebration, that they left nothing 

217 



218 State of New York 

undone to ensure its success. Senator James J. Frawley was chairman 
of the Finance Committee of the Senate from 1911 and also a member 
of another State Commission, Senator James A. Foley, who was a mem- 
ber of Preliminary Champlain Commission, took a deep interest in the 
project from its inception. Senator H. Wallace Knapp, chairman, Hon. 
Walter C. Witherbee, treasurer, Hon. Howland Pell, whose family has 
done much to restore Ft. Ticonderoga, Hon. Louis C. Lafontaine, Judges 
John B. Riley and John H. Booth and Hon. James Shea, and Hon. 
William R. Weaver, all freely gave their services and as much of their 
time as they were able to the Tercentenary celebration. 

At the final meeting of the New York Lake Champlain Tercentenary 
Commission a resolution was adopted expressing the appreciation of its 
members to its secretary, Henry W. Hill, for his long and unrequited 
services in preparing the comprehensive, historical and scholarly First and 
Final Reports of the Commission, which possess a literary finish and a 
perfection in every detail worthy the commemorative Tercentenary cele- 
bration and the bi-state, national and international functions involved. 

In presenting their Final Report to the Legislature, the Tercentenary 
Commissioners avail themselves of this opportunity to make it a matter of 
record that they have had the support and active co-operation of the sev- 
eral Governors and successive Legislatures of the state in office during the 
life of the Commission in carrying to a successful conclusion the celebra- 
tion and in the construction and dedication of the two permanent memorials 
to Samuel Champlain, the first white man to set foot on the soil of what 
is now within the confines of the state. The Government of the United 
States invited and, out of an appropriation made by it for that purpose, 
entertained the foreign guests. The state of Vermont contributed its pro- 
portionate share of the general expenses and of the cost of the joint me- 
morial at Crown Point forts. The state of New York paid its proportion- 
ate share of the general expenses and of the cost of the joint memorial at 
Crown Point forts and the entire cost of the Champlain memorial at Platts- 
burgh and the Commission has turned a small balance back into the State 
Treasury, as will appear from the Financial Statement in the Appendix 
of this Final Report. 



Appendix 



21» 



REPORT OF HOUSE COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN 

AFFAIRS 



I. REPORT OF HOUSE COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN 

AFFAIRS 

Sixtieth Congress, Second Session. House o( Representatives. Report No. 2 1 69 

Tercentenary Celebration of Discovery of Lake Champlain 

February 15, 1909 — Refened to the House Calendar and ordered to be printed. 

Mr. Foster, of Vermont, from the Committee on Foreign Affairs, 
submitted the following report. 

[To accompany H. J. Res. 257.] 

THE COMMITTEE on Foreign Affairs, to whom was referred House 
joint resolution 257, submit the followmg report [taken from the 
joint memorial presented to Congress by the New York and 
Vermont Tercentenary Commissions in January 1909.] 

In the month of November, 1906, a joint resolution for the appoint- 
ment of a commission for the celebration of the three hundredth anni- 
versary of the discovery of Lake Champlain was adopted by the senate 
and house of representatives of the State of Vermont, conteiining the 
recital that — 

Whereas, The discovery of Lake Champlain was an event in history fully as impor- 
tant as many others that have been recognized by various states as well as by the 
National Government; and 

Whereas, The three hundredth anniversary of such discovery will occur on July 4, 
1 909, it is hereby 

Resolved b}) the Senate and House of Representatives, That this event should be 
observed in a fitting manner and bring about an observance commensurate with its 
importance, there is hereby provided a commission consisting of the governor, who 
shall be chairman ex officio, and six other members to be app>ointed by the gov- 
ernor before January I, 1907, one of whom shall act as secretary. Said com- 
mission is hereby empowered to adopt such measures as in its judgment may be 

223 



224 State of New York 



reasonable or necessary to bring about the fitting observance of such event. And as 
the interests of the State of New York and of the Dominion of Canada are allied 
with those of Vermont in such observance, it is hereby recommended that said 
commission confer vfith the proper authorities of New York and Canada to ascer- 
tain what action they or either of them vnll take with Vermont in making the 
observance of this event successful and a credit to all, and that the commission 
report the result of such efforts, together with its recommendations, to the general 
assembly of 1 908 — 

which resolution was approved by Governor Fletcher D. Proctor on 
November 15, 1906; and thereafter Governor Proctor appointed as 
members of such commission Walter E. Howard, of Middlebury; 
Horace W. Bailey, of Newbury; R. W. McCuen, of Vergennes; Lynn 
M. Hays, of Essex Junction; Walter H. Crockett, of St. Albans; 
M. D. McMahon, of Burlington; and thereafter, on April 15, 1907, on 
motion of Senator Henry W. Hill, of Buffalo, the senate of the State 
of New York adopted the following resolution, which was concurred 
in by the assembly on April 16, 1907: 

Whereas the discovery of Lake Champlain by Samuel Champlain on July 4, 
1 609, antedates the discovery by the whites of any other portion of the territory 
now comprising the State of New York, and was an event worthy of commemora- 
tion in the annals of the State and nation; and 

Whereas the State of Vermont in 1906 appointed a commission, consisting of 
the governor of that State and six other commissioners, to confer yfith commissioners 
to be appointed on the part of New York and the Dominion of Canada, to ascertain 
what action, if any, ought to be taken by such Stales and the Dominion of Canada 
for the observance of such tercentenary: Therefore 

Resolved (if the Assembl}) concur). That a commission consisting of the governor, 
who shall be chairman ex officio, two citizens to be designated by him, the lieu- 
tenant-governor, the speaker of the assembly, two senators to be designated by the 
lieutenant-governor, and two members of the assembly to be designated by the 
speaker, be appointed to represent the State of New York at such conference, with 
power to enter into negotiations with the commissioners representing the State of 
Vermont and those representing the Dominion of Canada for the observance of 
such tercentenary, and that such commission report the results of their negotiations, 
together with the recommendations thereon, to the legislature of 1 908. 



The Champlain Tercentenary 225 

TTie New York commission appointed under the foregoing resolution 
consisted of Governor Charles E. Hughes, Lieutenant-Governor Lewis 
Stuyvesant Chanler, Senators Henry W. Hill, John C. R. Taylor, and 
Assemblyman James W. Wadsworth, jr., speaker of the assembly, 
Alonson T. Dominy, James A. Foley, and Frank S. Witherbee and 
John H. Booth. 

That commission, together with the Vermont commission, during the 
summer of 1907 made a tour of Lake Champlam, held several joint and 
separate meetings, and the New York commission formulated its report 
and transmitted it to the New York legislature of 1 908, a copy of which 
is annexed hereto, in the conclusion of which report they recommend as 
follows: 

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE ANNIVERSARY OF 1909. 

Your commission respectfully submit the foregoing report to the consideration of 
the legislature of New York. The anniversary which we desire shall be suitably 
observed has great significance. Important as it is to the student of history, it 
makes a wider and stronger appeal to that large body of our citizens whose fore- 
fathers fought in the wars of the Champlain region or were among the pioneers who 
transformed it from the wilderness. 

But chief of all the considerations which we urge upon your attention is the inter- 
national character of the proposed celebration. The history of the Champlain 
Valley belongs to the history of three great nations, whose cordial relations we 
believe will be promoted by the suitable observance of this significant date. 

RECOMMENDATION. 

To that end your commission, after careful investigation, reaches the conclusion 
that the three hundredth anniversary of the discovery of Lake Champlain should 
be suitably celebrated by New York State; and to that end we respectfully recom- 
mend the enactment of the following bill. 

Thereafter a bill was prepared and submitted to the legislature, which 
was amended in some respects, and subsequently enacted and became 
chapter 1 49 of the New York Laws of 1 908, providing in substance for 
a celebration of the tercentenary of the discovery of Lake Champlain 

by Samuel Champlain in the month of July, 1 609, which celebration, 

le 



226 State of New York 

by the terms of the bill, is to occur in the month of July, 1 909, at various 
points in the Champlain valley. 

The commission appointed thereunder consisted of H. Wallace 
Knapp, Mooers, N. Y., chairman; Henry W. Hill, of Buffalo, secretary; 
Walter C. Witherbee, Port Henry, treasurer; James J. Frawley, New 
York City; James Shea, Lake Placid; James A. Foley, New York 
City; John H. Booth, Plattsburgh; John B. Riley, Plattsburgh; Louis 
C. Lafontaine, Champlain; Howland Pell, New York City. 

This commission was empowered under the last-mentioned statute to 
enter into negotiations and co-operate with the State of Vermont, the 
Government of the United States, the Dominion of Canada, and the 
Province of Quebec, and either or all of them m such tercentenary cele- 
bration, and appropriated by chapter 466 of the New York Laws of 
1 908 the sum of $50,000 for that purpose. 

The Vermont commission made its report to the legislature of Ver- 
mont, held in the fall of 1908, also recommending, among other things, 
that a proper celebration be held in conjunction with the State of New 
York, the Government of the United States, and the Dominion of 
Canada, a copy of which report is annexed hereto. Subsequently the 
State of Vermont made an appropriation of $25,000 to enable that 
State to participate in the tercentenary celebration. 

The commission appomted thereunder consisted of Governor George 
H. Prouty, chairman; Lynn M. Hays, of Burlington, secretary; Walter 
H. Crockett, of St. Albans; Rev. John M. Thomas, of Middlebury; 
Horace W. Bailey, of Rutland; W. J. Van Patten, of Burlington; 
Frank L. Fish, of Vergennes; Arthur L. Stone, of St. Johnsbury; and 
F. O. Beaupre, of Burlington. 

The facts warranting federal appropriation are briefly set forth in the 
report of the New York and Vermont commissions, and in amplification 
thereof the following additional facts are respectfully submitted to the 
consideration of the President and the Congress of the United Stales: 

Long before its discovery by Samuel Champlain, in July, 1 609, Lake 
Champlain was the resort and battle ground of the savage Algonquin, 
Huron, and Iroquois nations who peopled its islands and circumjacent 



The Champlain Tercentenary 227 

beautifully shaded and picturesque shores. It was a paradise for the 
aborigines, whose native customs and adventurous but precarious life were 
a startling revelation to such an explorer as Champlain, coming as he 
did from the refinements of French life of the sixteenth and seventeenth 
centuries. Still he was hospitably received and escorted to and through 
the lake, then known as " Caniadenguarunte," which signifies the " gate 
of the country." The lake was also known as " Mer des Iroquois," and 
traversed by the warring Indian tribes, whose canoes formed picturesque 
flotillas in those early days on the blue waters of the lake. 

Had Champlain been gifted with the poetic imagination of a Homer 
or a Virgil, he might have cast into an epic the story of his explorations 
and discoveries, which were quite as thrilling as those of the Iliad, the 
Odyssey, or the Aeneid. Other poets have dwelt upon the beauties of 
this lake and have sung of the tragic events that have occurred on its 
waters. 

TTie Champlain valley is one of the historic portions of the American 
Continent. Its Indian occupation was succeeded by that of the French, 
and in turn by the English. From its discovery in July, 1609, to the 
battle of Plattsburgh, in September, 1814, Lake Champlain was the 
thoroughfare of many expeditions and the scene of many sanguinary 
engagements. Noted French, British, and American officers visited it 
and stopped at its forts, from Ste. Anne on the north, founded at Isle 
La Motte in 1665, to St. Frederic, founded in honor of the French sec- 
retary of foreign affairs, Frederic Maurepas, by Marquis de Beau- 
harnois, governor-general of Canada, at Crown Point in 1 73 1 , and Fort 
Carillon, founded at Ticonderoga in I 766, on the south. 

The grants of some of its islands and adjacent shore lands under 
French seignories were the subject of a long controversy between the 
French and British Governments, challenging on the one side the con- 
sideration of such officials as Marquis de Beauharnois and others under 
Louis XV and Louis XVI, and on the other side such statesmen as 
Lord Dartmouth, Edmund Burke, and Sir Henry Moore under the 
British Crown. But few, if any, occupations were made under French 
seignorial grants, and the controversy finally ended after the Seven 



228 State of New York 

Years' French and Indian war, which terminated with the capture of 
Ticonderoga and Crown Point by the British in 1 759, and the later 
sovereign control by the Americans during the Revolution. 

The Champlain valley was the scene of important military and one 
naval engagement during the Revolutionary war, and permission has 
been obtained from the War Department to raise from the waters of 
Lake Champlain the Royal Savage at Valcour Island, the flagship of 
Benedict Arnold during that engagement. The history of Ticonderoga 
and Macdonough's victory at the battle of Plattsburgh, in September 
1814, are of such national importance as to merit federal consideration 
during the forthcoming celebration of the discovery of the lake. 

For two hundred years or longer the Champlain valley was the high- 
way between Albany on the south and Quebec on the north, through 
which surged the tides of war and travel, until every prominent point 
and important island in the lake was marked by some notable event 
worthy of historic mention. The proposed celebration of the discovery 
of the lake will commemorate some of these important events. Sewell 
S. Cutting, D. D., in a poem read at the University of Vermont in 1877 
thus describes some of these events. He says: 

I shift my theme, nor yet shall wander far; 
My song shall linger where my memories are. 
Dear Lake Champlain ! Thou hast historic fame — 
The world accords it in thy very name. 
Not English speech these savage wilds first heard. 
Not English prows that first these waters stirred; 
Primeval forests cast their shadows dark 
On dusky forms in craft of fragile bark. 
When first the paleface from the distant sea 
Brought hither conquering cross and fleur-de-lis. 
On frowning headlands rose the forts of France — 
Around them villages, and song, and dance. 
Four generations came and passed away. 
Of treacherous peace and sanguinary fray. 
When hostile armies hostile flags unfurled. 
To wage the destiny of half the world. 



The Champlain Tercentenary 229 

No part of the United States can vie in comparison with Lake Cham- 
plain and its environs for historic importance and the ultimate significance 
of the national and international events occurring in that valley. 
" Every bay and island of the lake and nearly every foot of its shore 
have been the scene of some warlike movement — the midnight foray 
of the predatory savage, the bloody scout of frontier settlers, the ren- 
dezvous of armed bands, or the conflict of contending armies." TTiese 
stirring events cover a period of centuries — from the traditional history 
of the Indians to the close of the war of 1812. 

From the earliest periods of settlement in Canada, New England, 
and New York the valley of Lake Champlain, both as watercourse or 
highway, served as a thoroughfare by which, in hostile times, preda- 
tory excursions were directed against both the French and English 
frontiers, and over which captives were conveyed into unenviable cap- 
tivity. This was the route traversed by delegations engaged in diplo- 
matic relations between the French and English colonists, and was used 
by agents employed to arrange an exchange of captives. The valley 
was a highway of commerce, particularly in the operations of the fur 
trade. Its Indian name, meaning " door of the country," was an apt 
designation, for into it there marched the flower of contending armies 
of France, England, and the United States, who struggled persistently 
for its control. TTie destinies of the United States and Canada and of 
England's colonial policy were largely decided by what occurred in the 
Champlain valley. 

An unjust historical perspective is often created by placing too high 
value upon the significance of figures. Large armies do not always 
count for as much in their influence upon the course of the world's 
history as events more hidden from view and surrounded with less of 
glamour. The one more easily bewitches the eyes, but the other is 
more likely to appeal to reason. The history of the Champlain valley 
exhibits in relief momentous martial and naval engagements and in 
intaglio the deeds of individuals and collections of men pregnant with 
fcu--reaching results in the evolution of the continent of North America. 



230 State of New York 



Samuel Champlain laid the foundations of New France at Quebec in 
1608, and in 1609 led an expedition into the Richelieu River, accom- 
panied by a retinue of Algonquian and other Canadian Indians. At 
the falls of Chambly he abandoned the vessel in which he had sailed, 
and by portaging and canoeing reached the entrance of a great lake, 
which he named Lake Champlain. Its confines constituted one of the 
hunting grounds of the well-organized Iroquoian Confederacy. The 
Iroquois were then at great enmity with the Algonquians and the 
Canadian Hurons. 

On the night of July 29, 1609, Champlain fell in with one of the 
hunting parties of the Iroquois. They spent the night in parleying 
and uttering defiance at one another, and on the morning of July 30 
the now well-known battle of Champlain took place at or near the site 
of Ticonderoga, as is generally believed by the best historians. The 
significance of this battle is attested by the alienation of the Iroquois 
from the French and their affiliation with the Dutch and English, and 
was one of the embryonic factors which, under development, ultimately 
saved northern New York and a large contiguous territory to English 
instead of French interests. 

France claimed the region by right of discovery, but England sought 
to repress her by the limitations of treaty. In I 731 France violated the 
compact of peace by the erection of Fort St. Frederic on the peninsula 
known better as Crown Point. The Iroquois, as claimants of terri- 
torial ownership, in June, 1737, protested against the French occupa- 
tion. In 1 739 the French commandant promised the Iroquois that 
Fremce would not encroach or settle south of Fort St. Frederic, but 
he claimed for his King all the watershed of the St. Lawrence, inclusive 
of Lake Champlain and Lake George. In 1 742 the fort, having been 
enlarged, was the strongest work held by the French in Canada — 
Quebec and Louisburg only excepted. The five years' war, familiarly 
known as King George's war, involved the subjects of France and 
England in conflict, both in Europe and in America. A nominal peace 
was established by the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, in 1 748. But soon 



The Champlain Tercentenary 231 



the Acadian and other boundary contentions between the two Crowns 
were in ferment. 

France practiced subtlety in her diplomatic negotiations, strength- 
ened her frontier posts, and inoculated her Indian allies with hatred of 
her English colonial neighbors. In 1 755 she built Fort Carillon, after- 
wards Ticonderoga, and thus advanced her outposts. Henceforth, and 
in a seven years' war. Fort Carillon and Ticonderoga bore the brunt 
of frontier aggrandizement. In August of that year Dieskau occupied 
Crown Point with 700 regulars, 1 ,600 Canadians, and 700 Indians. 
In 1756, 2,000 men of France were engaged on Fort Carillon; in 1757 
it was garrisoned with 9,000 men under the Marquis de Montcalm. 
On July 8, 1 758, Abercromby, with regulars and provincials, unsuc- 
cessfully stormed its works and lost nearly 2,000 men. In the same 
year Robert Rogers, the intrepid ranger, lost 125 out of a total of 
1 80 men. Upon the evacuation of the region by the French in 1 759 
General Amherst took possession of Ticonderoga in July, and of Crown 
Point in August. In 1760 Amherst assembled an army of 15,000 
men at Crown Point, and in August of that year Colonel Haviland, 
with about 3,300 men, opened fire upon the French post at Isle aux 
Noix, forced the French commander, Bourlamaque, to withdraw, and 
captured the garrison that remained behind. 

For a time after the treaty of Paris, in 1 763, the region rested in 
comparative quiescence. England's acquisition by treaty of the vast 
domain of Canada eradicated the long-standing imbroglios with France 
in North America; but the intercolonial wars had schooled the English- 
American colonists in the arts of prowess and of war. TTie colonists 
also had greater freedom to consider internal interests, being now 
relieved from the erstwhile collisions with the French. A narrow 
colonial policy lent itself toward the growth of a spirit of resentment 
in the colonies, and England's determination to enforce obedience to 
her will by the employment of military authority served only to fan 
the slumbering embers into a conflagration. It was under these con- 
ditions in May. 1 775, that the audacious Ethan Allen, accompanied by 



232 State of New York 

only about 83 men, surprised the English garrison at Fort Ticon- 
deroga and that Seth Warner took Crown Point, in each case without 
bloodshed. When De la Place, the English officer at Ticonderoga, 
asked Allen by what authority he demanded the fort's surrender, he 
replied with these now memorable words: " By the authority of the 
Great Jehovah and the Continental Congress." The personality of 
Allen was emd is yet a subject of academic controversy, but his action 
in this affair is a landmark in the romantic history of America. 

Benedict Arnold has been execrated for his treason to his country, 
yet his name is connected with one of the greatest of patriotic services 
during the American Revolution. On October II, 1776, he engaged 
in an extraordinary naval battle on Lake Champlain against the over- 
whelming odds of the British fleet under Sir Guy Carleton. TTiis 
battle is in our naval annals of the Revolution what Bunker Hill is to our 
military history — "a battle wherein glory and renown were gained in 
defeat." Spears, the naval historian, has characterized it thus: " Not 
only was the moral effect of this battle quite as great in the courage it 
gave the Americans, and the pause for thought it gave the enemy; it 
served to head off a victorious invading British army bound for Albany 
and the subjugation of northern New York. It taught the British that 
the Americans were not only willing, but they were able fighters. In 
spite of the tremendous odds ag2unst them, at the last they had proved 
themselves as unyielding as the rocks that echoed back the roar of the 
conflict." 

Burgoyne made an unsuccessful attack upon the American occu- 
pants of Fort Ticonderoga in June, 1 777, but with 7,000 men had 
forced the abandonment of Crown Point in that month; and in July, 
having erected a battery on Mount Defiance, which commanded Fort 
Ticonderoga, forced the Americans to evacuate it on the night of the 
6th. The termination of the American Revolution, save for internal 
controversies between New York and Vermont, ended the storm and 
stress period in the Champlain valley for many years, until our second 
war with Great Britcun. 



The Champlain Tercentenary 233 



From September 6 to II, 1814, various land engagements took place 
about Plattsburgh. The British forces, numbermg about 1 1 ,500 troops 
and including many of Lord Wellington's veterans, were under Sir 
George Prevost, governor and commander in chief in British North 
America; the Americans, commanded by Macomb and Bissell, num- 
bered 4,500 men. On September II, 1 81 4, the American navy on the 
lake, commanded by Thomas Macdonough, defeated the British squad- 
ron under the command of Commodore George Downie. This naval 
battle was crucial in bringing the war of 1 81 2 to a termination. TTie 
success was acclaimed by the American people everywhere by rejoicing, 
bonfires, and illuminations, and was sung in the folk and war ballads 
of the day. Congress recognized its national significance by officially 
thanking the whole force engaged, and by voting gold medals to Mac- 
donough, Henley, and Cassin, and a silver medal to each of the other 
commissioned officers. In this victory the United States gained prestige 
for the demands of the treaty of peace, and an estoppel was put upon 
England's endeavor to get possession of the northeast corner of the 
State of Maine. 

If the lake itself was the door of the whole northern country, Lar- 
rabee's Point, on the Vermont side, opposite Fort Ticonderoga, was a 
side door to New England, and from that side door the New England 
frontiers suffered repeatedly the havoc of Indian devastations. But 
there are other places, besides those hitherto mentioned, whose historic 
associations are inseparable from a narration of the landmarks of the 
Champlain valley. At Burlington, Vt., the first steamboat on the 
lake was launched in 1808 and bore the name of that state. This was 
only a year after Fulton' steamer, the Clermont, first plied the Hudson 
from New York to Albany. Shortly thereafter, during the period of 
our second war with Great Britain, Burlington was a garrisoned post 
and a base of supplies. 

On the Isle La Motte (named from Pierre de St. Paul, sieur de la 
Motte-Lusiere, a captain of the famous Carignan regiment), the French 
built a fort in 1666, which was named Ste. Anne, and in July of that 



234 State of New York 



year, while garrisoned by several companies of the regiment above 
alluded to, was invested by hostile Mohawks, whose depredations 
included the death of Captains de Traversy and de Chazy. In Octo- 
ber, 1666, M. de Tracy, governor-general of New France, guided and 
assembled an expedition on the Isle La Motte for the purpose of chas- 
tising the Iroquois. Twelve hundred combatants, borne by a fleet of 
300 bateaux and canoes, and strengthened by two pieces of artillery, 
were engaged. They penetrated to the remotest hamlets of these 
Indians and planted the arms of France, in token of taking formal pos- 
session of the whole northern part of New York. TTie French remained 
undisturbed from the Mohawks for nearly a quarter of a century. Fort 
Ste. Anne became a Jesuit mission station and was visited by Bishop 
Laval in 1 668. In August, 1 690, Capt. John Schuyler camped there 
during his return from a foray into Canada. Gens. Philip Schuyler 
and Richard Montgomery met on the island in September, 1 775, during 
their advance against St. John's and Montreal, and laid there the plans 
for that invasion of Canada. Now the shrine of Ste. Anne, on the west 
side of the island, is visited annually by thousands of devout pilgrims. 

Maj. Robert Rogers and 142 men came into Missisquoi Bay in the 
autumn of 1 760, secreted their boats and some provisions, and went off 
on an expedition against the St. Francis Indians, near the village of 
Three Rivers, which they burned. Earlier in that year this same 
intrepid ranger had landed at the place called Rouse's Point, near 
which he was attacked by a superior body of French from the Isle aux 
Noix. The French were defeated and their commander was slain. 

Swanton, in Vermont, at an early period formed a considerable set- 
tlement of the French and Indians, being then " probably the largest 
in the Champlain valley with the exception of Crown Point." At the 
mouth of Otter Creek, the largest river in Vermont, where Fort Cas- 
sin was built, the American squadron was fitted out in 1814 for battle 
against the English navy. This fort was named for Lieutenant Cassin 
of our navy, who, with Captain Thornton of the United States Artil- 
lery, in May, 1814, had defended the American fleet then building 
there from attempted destruction by the British. 



The Champlain Tercentenary ' 235 

A little to the north of Rouse's Point are the ruins of Fort Mont- 
gomery, built by error in what was then Canadian soil, and often 
called on that account " Fort Blunder," but corrected by international 
boundary concessions. Rouse's Point is a place of commercial interest 
and the most important port of entry on this frontier. Near by is 
Point au Fer, fortified in 1 776 by the patriot General Sullivan, but 
occupied by the British in June of the next year and relinquished by 
them only as late as 1 788. At Valcour Island, off Bluff Point and 
Hotel Champlain, the scene of Arnold's naval battle of 1 776, the 
wreck of the Ro^al Savage lies under water to this day as a reminder 
of the beginnings of our national naval adventures. At the head of 
the lake to the south, near the present Whitehall, Maj. Israel Putnam, 
in August, 1 758, was engaged in watching the enemy's maneuvers, 
and had a fierce encounter in the forest with French and Indians. He 
was captured, tied to a tree by the Indians, who made preparations 
to roast him alive. Only the stern interposition of the French officer, 
Marin, prevented them from dispatching him thus cruelly and robbing 
the patriot cause of one of its bravest leaders during the American 
Revolution. 

The New York and Champlain commissions have concluded con- 
tracts with Mr. L. O. Armstrong, of Montreal, to present Indian 
pageants on Lake Champlain during the tercentenary celebration. These 
will be presented by 1 50 native Indians, descendants of the original 
tribes that occupied portions of the Champlain valley at the time of its 
discovery by Champlain. They will reproduce the battle of Samuel 
Champlain with the Iroquois and also present a dramatic version of 
Longfellow's Hiawatha on floating barges anchored on the waters of 
the lake at various places where exercises are to be held. 

It is desirable that the United States detail national troops and the 
States of New York and Vermont regiments from the National Guard 
to present military pageants at Ticonderoga, Plattsburgh, and Burling- 
ton. The two commissions have decided to hold formal exercises on 
July 5, 1909, at Crown Point, on July 6 at Fort Ticonderoga, on July 



236 State of New York 

7 at Plattsburgh, on July 8 at Burlington, and on July 9 at Isle La 
Motte, at each of which places Indian pageants will be presented. 

The proposed celebration of the discovery of Lake Champlciin may 
also include a celebration of such colonial, national, and international 
events occurring since the discovery of the lake as to make it eminently 
proper that the Government of the United States officially participate 
in the exercises commemorating these historical events. Historiced 
addresses and other literary exercises are to be held, and it is impor- 
tant that the United States Government invite and entertain representa- 
tives of the Republic of France, the Kingdom of Great Britain, and 
the Dominion of Canada. TTie celebration is of national and inter- 
national importance, and the committee recommends that the resolution 
do pass. 



II. ENGLISH FORTS 

237 



II. ENGLISH FORTS 

Tlie Crown Point forts standing within the confines of the Stale 
Reservation at Crown Point, were frequently mentioned during the Ter- 
centenary celebration exercises as well as during the dedicatory cere- 
monies of the Champlam memorials. 

They are of historical and public interest, now that they belong to the 
State, through the generosity of Witherbee, Sherman & Co., and will be 
preserved from further devastation. 

Fort Frederic was built by Marquis de Beauharnois in honor of the 
French Secretary of Foreign Affair.-, Frederic Maurepas, in 1 73 1 . The 
English forts were constructed under the supervision of General Jeffrey 
Amherst as will appear from the following excerpts of the official " Cor- 
respondence of William Pitt," edited by Gertrude Selwin Kimball and 
published by the Macmillan Company. 

In his report under date of Crown Point, August 5, I 759, General 
Amherst says: "I arrived at Crown Point [August 4th] before the 
evening, landed and posted all corps. * * * J ordered [August 5th] 
Lt. Colonel Eyre to trace out the ground for a Fort, which I will set 
about with all possible expedition." Correspondence of William Pitt, 
Vol. 2, pp. 147-148, published by the Macmillan Company. 

General Amherst in his report under date of Crown Point October 22, 
I 759, to William Pitt, says " to make the fortress as formidable as I 
can I ordered with the advise of the Engineer three Forts to be erected, 
which I named the Grenadier Fort, the light Infantry Fort, & Gages 
light Infantry Fort, ordering those Corps's to build each their own as 
fast as possible." Correspondence of William Pitt, Vol. 2, p. 191. 

In a later report under date of New York December 1 6, 1 759, to 
William Pitt, General Amherst (on November 10, 1759, that being the 
birthday of George II), says: " TTie Troops worked till three o'clock, 
excepting the Grenadiers, who were under Arms at one o'clock and fired 
Volleys. * * * Yhe three Forts firing 21 Cannon, and the Bat- 

239 



240 State of New York 

talions volleys. The Fortress 21 Cannon, the Army a running fire, the 
Park of Artillery 21 Cannon, the Army a general volley * * *." 
Correspondence of William Pitt, Vol. 2, p. 222. 

Again in a later report under date of New York, January 7, 1 761 , to 
William Pitt, General Amherst says: "The works of the Fortress of 
Crown Point, and of the Forts of Oswego, Pittsburg, and Fort Stanwix, 
are not finished so much as I could wish, and I judge, it will be proper 
to compleat them in the Spring, and that the Provincials should furnish 
men for this Service." Correspondence of William Pitt, Vol. 2, p. 382. 

It thus appears that the fortress at Cro\\'n Point was not completed in 
1 761 , and in fact it was never fully completed. 

It does not appear from the foregoing correspondence between General 
Amherst and William Pitt or from any of the official reports of General 
Amherst that the fortress at Crown Point was officially named " Fort 
Amherst," as it was occasionally denominated in common parlance. 



Additional light is thrown on the early history of the region in the 
papers of Victor Hugo Paltsits, State Historian, and W. Max Reid, 
on the Rock Inscription at CrowTi Point, found in the New York State 
Historical Association Publications [Vol. X, pp. 106-113]. In the 
papers of Mr. Reid, he says that " The Earl of Waldegrave writes 
to the Board of Trade. June 1 3th, 1 732 : ' the French have caused a 
fort to be built * * * at a place called Pointe de la Couronne, 
in English, Crown Point.' " [N. Y. Hist. Assoc. Pub. X. p. 113.] 



III. REPORT OF CAPTAIN EDWARD MOTT 

17 241 



III. REPORT OF CAPTAIN EDWARD MOTT 

In the Journal of Captain Edward Mott, of Preston, Connecticut, pub- 
lished in the Collections of the Connecticut Historical Society, Vol. 1 , 
pages 163-174, may be found the report of Captain Mott on the expe- 
dition to Ticonderoga and the part taken by the troops under his com- 
mand. Therein will be found a discussion of the demand made by 
Col. Benedict Arnold that he be placed in command of the men who 
had assembled to attempt the capture of Ticonderoga and the reasons 
assigned for refusing such demand. An order was finally issued by 
Captain Mott as follows: 

To Col. Ethan Allen, 

Sir: Whereas, agreeable to the Power and Authority to us given by the Colony 
of Connecticut, we have appointed you to take the command of a party of n\en and 
reduce and take possession of the garrison of Ticonderoga and its dependencies, 
and as you are now in possession of the same, — You are hereby directed to keep 
the command of said garrison, for the use of the American Colonies, till you have 
further orders from the Colony of Connecticut or from the Continental Congress. 
Signed F>er order of Committee, 

Edward Mott, Chairman Commiltee. 

Ticonderoga, Maji IO//1, 1775. 

The foregoing order appears to have been issued without direct 
authorization, but it was acquiesced in by Col. Arnold, who submitted 
to the command of Col. Allen and accompanied him in the attack. 
They were guided by young Nathan Beman, who was familiar with 
every passage of approach to the fort. After the capture of Ticon- 
deroga, Captain Mott returned to Hartford and was sent to Philadelphia 
to inform Congress of the capture of Ticonderoga. And thereafter he 
resumed command of his company in the northern army and was present 
at the taking of Chambly and the surrender of St. John's. His elder 
brother, Samuel, was appointed engineer and was stationed at Ticon- 

243 



244 State of New York 



deroga and Crown Point, and in August became Chief Engineer under 
General Schuyler of the northern army. Captain Edward Mott became 
major in the regiment under Col. Gay. The devotion and distinguished 
services of Captain Mott and Samuel Mott, his brother, during the Revo- 
lution were recognized in their rapid promotion in the northern army. 



IV. NOTES ON THE ARCH/EOLOGY OF THE CHAM- 
PLAIN VALLEY 



245 



IV. NOTES ON THE ARCH/EOLOGY OF THE CHAM- 
PLAIN VALLEY 

By Professor Ceorge H. Perkins. Ph.D. 

Slate Geologist of Vermont 

IT is undoubted that the Champlain valley at the time when the first 
Europeans entered the region was occupied by two great Indian 
peoples, the Confederacy of the Six Nations and the Algonkins or 
Abnaki. To the Six Nations the name Iroquois was generally given by 
the French explorers. They held full sway over the New York side 
of the Champlain valley, but the occupancy of the eastern, or Vermont, 
side is less certain. There can be no question that this side of the valley 
was possessed by the Algonkins for the greater part of the time, but there 
are several centuries when it is not easy to determine certainly the precise 
relations of these two peoples. Most of what became New England 
and the Atlantic border and a vast territory in Canada was always, so 
far as can be now discovered, occupied by the Algonkins who also reached 
far westward and southward through the Mississippi valley. The Iroquois 
occupied a comparatively small area about lakes Erie and Ontario and 
eastward along the St. Lawrence, including the whole of what is now 
New York, as well as parts of Pennsylvania. Ohio, Michigan and a long, 
narrow strip of Canada north of New York. 

They also occupied territory in the south, west of the Carolinas. How 
long or how completely the Iroquois possessed the Vermont side of the 
Champlain valley we may never know, but it appears to be pretty certain 
that they did for a time, and probably several times, dispossess the usual 
owners and hold as their own the entire shore of Champlain. It appears 
from various records that sometime about 1 540 the Iroquois were in con- 
trol of both sides of the lake and of the Vermont as well as the New York 
shores. It also appears that these people held the region for a century 
when they withdrew. Why they retired to the western side is not plain. 

247 



248 State of New York 



Considering their warlike disposition and reputation and the very great 
fear in which they were held by the Algonkins it is impossible to believe 
that these latter drove them back across the lake, and yet why they should 
have voluntarily left their eastern possessions one cannot readily explain. 

In 1640 Father Ducreux made a map of the region and on this map 
Lake Champlain is made the western boundary of the Algonkin territory, 
so that by this time the ownership had again changed. 

In 1690, as is well known, the Algonkins and French destroyed 
Schenectady and, though their force was very small, they appear to have 
passed without any difficulty through the Champlain valley, and had it 
been occupied by Mohawks or any Iroquois tribe this could not have 
been possible. 

At different times for many years various Vermont legislatures were 
beset by claims which the Caughnawaga Indians persistently entered. 
These claims were for remuneration for land taken by the white men from 
their ancestors and which they declared were formerly the property of 
their tribe. 

The territory which the Caughnawagas claimed was finally defined by 
them as bounded by Lake Champlain on the west and on the east by the 
mountain ranges which divide the waters running into Lake Champlain 
from the Mississquoi, Lamoille and Winooski rivers from those which run 
into the Connecticut, together with so much of the land drained by Otter 
creek as would be embraced by a line dravra from Ticonderoga to the 
sources of the Winooski. 

So far as can be ascertained by examination of documents, the validity 
or invalidity of this claim was neither denied nor allowed, but the claim 
was never in any way granted. As intimated, it was repeatedly advanced 
at different sessions of the General Assembly until finally abandoned in 
1874. From the persistency with which the Indians brought forward 
their claim it seems probable that whether it had any substantial basis 
or not, they really believed that it had. 

In a very full and interesting discussion of this question, Mr. D. P. 
Thompson in an Appendix to the History of Montpelier, Vt., writes as 



The Champlain Tercentenary 249 

follows: *' In the published journal of the expedition of Champlain when 
in the summer of 1609 he discovered the lake that bears his name we 
have full and direct evidence that the Iroquois were in possession of just 
about the same tract of territory in Vermont as that to which their 
descendants have latterly been laying claim as a part of their original 
domain." 

Champlain also found that the Algonkins were at war with the Iroquois 
and, as this author suggests, this war may very likely have grown out of 
the encroachment of the Iroquois upon this territory which formerly had 
belonged to the Algonkins. Moreover, Champlain states in his narrative 
that when he asked his companions who lived on the east shores of the 
lake through which they were passing they told him that they were 
Iroquois. It also appears to be true that the early French explorers called 
Lake Champlain the Lake or Sea of the Iroquois. However, while the 
Algonkins admitted at the time of Champlain's visit that the Iroquois 
held the Champlain valley on both sides, they asserted that it originally 
belonged to them, as it was occupied by their forefathers. The truth, 
so far as it can be ascertained, appears to be that the first inhabitants of 
the western side of the Champlain valley were Iroquois, and those of the 
eastern side were Algonkins; that at some time before 1540 the Iroquois 
crossed the lake and drove out the people then living on the eastern side, 
and for many, perhaps a hundred, years, themselves occupied that terri- 
tory. In or about 1 640, for reasons not discoverable, they left the eastern 
shores and all the territory now included in Vermont and no further 
trace of them appears in that region. How long the Champlain valley 
was occupied by these two peoples can never be known, or whether at 
any early time some other and different people roamed over the region. 
Ail that we do know or can know is that at the coming of the white men, 
and for at least several centuries before, these and only these tribes 
were here. 

Turning now to a consideration of some of the evidence of former 
occupation which these peoples have left we find a great variety of imple- 
ments and weapons of stone and a smaller number of copper and iron. 



250 State of New York 



Household utensils, simple and few as were the needs of people, who were 
in the stone age of civilization, are also found made of stone, earthenware 
and bone. A detailed enumeration of these, though of great interest to 
the archaeologist would be tedious to the general reader. For this reason 
only a general account of these objects will be given. 

From what has been written above it will be obvious that practically 
all of the objects found on the New York side of the valley are of Iroquois 
origin, but of those found in Vermont we may be sure that many are 
Algonkin. It is also sure that mingled with these there must be many 
of Iroquoian origin. When, however, we attempt to decide which of the 
implements or other objects are Algonkian and which Iroquoian we under- 
take a very difficult task. Some of the pottery and some of the stone 
objects are plainly of Iroquois manufacture and others are Algonkian, 
but most of our specimens are not to be classified. The Iroquois were 
superior in culture to other tribes and their handiwork is finer as a whole, 
but after all the quality of the work does not, as a rule, at all suffice to 
distinguish between their implements and others. Quite extensive col- 
lections have been made on both sides of the lake, and when these are 
compared very great similarity is at once observed. And yet there are 
some differences though, as has been indicated, not enough to differentiate 
one group from the other. It is noticeable that in any considerable col- 
lection of objects of Indian manufacture from the Champlain valley, there 
are many of exceedingly fine workmanship. No better specimens of their 
kind are to be found anywhere than the best of our Champlain valley 
specimens. Probably because of the rocky and, at times inaccessible, 
character of the western shore, and the more level and inhabitable nature 
of the Vermont shores, Indian relics of all sorts have been found in much 
greater abundance on the eastern than on the western side of the lake. 

Much of the New York shore is rugged and affords no good camping 
ground or village sites, while the Vermont shores are mostly level, or 
nearly so, and offer abundant invitation to wandering tribes to remain. And 
yet, as Champlain informs the reader, there were In his day no permanent 
villages because of hostilities. The whole Champlain valley, or at any 



The Champlain Tercentenary 251 

rate that part of it which adjoins the lake, was unsafe territory to the 
long-staying camper, and still more to those who would establish a 
village. War or hunting parties might traverse its forests, but none might 
safely tarry long. 

As every collector of Indian relics well knows, it is about the camp, 
or better still, village sites that most abundant specimens occur, and as 
these are very few in the immediate vicinity of the lake so the number of 
objects found is comparatively small as compared to such localities as the 
Ohio or Mississippi region. Still some thousands of specimens have 
been collected along the shores of Lake Champlain and in their immediate 
neighborhood. As everywhere, the spear and arrow points, and similarly 
shaped knives, are by far the most abundant of all objects that have been 
found. These chipped points are almost always made from hard, often 
quartzose rock, and are of many forms and various degrees of excellence. 
By far the greater number are of a gray quartzite which is abundant in 
ledges in the region. The most common form on both sides of the lake 
is the simple triangle. This shape occurs of many sizes from little points 
a half inch long to those that are four or five inches long. They may 
be narrow or broad, usually without haft or barb, though these may be 
present in some of the less common specimens. While none are as large 
as the larger flaked implements of the west, some are several inches long, 
a few of the very largest being seven or eight. Some few of the points 
are as finely proportioned and elegantly made as can be found anywhere, 
though as a rule the flaked objects are less attractive than those from the 
west. This is partly due to the color and texture of the material, for the 
quartzites, etc., of the east are much less prettily colored than those 
which are found in the west or middle west. Finely barbed and 
stemmed points and knives are less abundant than the simpler forms, but 
many specimens occur and some are very finely made. 

Besides these points other chipped or flaked objects are found, such as 
scrapers and drills. A form of point or, more probably, knife is found 
more commonly, I think, in the Champlain valley than elsewhere, though 
not peculiar to this region. These are of similar form to the better hafted 



252 State of New York 

and stemmed, chipped points, but they are of red or purple slate and 
were ground at least as they were completed, though they may have been 
first shaped by chipping, as some of them undoubtedly were. Some of 
these are strikingly like the modern Eskimo knife. Dr. Beauchamp has 
figured some of these slate knives in Bulletin 1 8, New York State Museum, 
and says as to their distribution: " In some parts of Canada they are 
about as common as in New York, being most abundant on both sides 
of Lake Ontario. They have not been reported east of Lake Champlain, 
except in its immediate vicinity, with the exception of one in Maine, nor 
do they reach more than half way southward to the Pennsylvania line." 

Perhaps that class of implements known as gouges is more common 
in the Champlain valley than elsewhere. These objects are of various 
proportions, some being long and slender, others short and wide, but 
whatever the shape, there is always the U-shaped groove which gives 
the name. This groove may extend only a short distance from the cutting 
edge as in the ordinary carpenter's gouge, or it may go from end to end. 
The gouges are usually fashioned from moderately soft stone though 
some are of that which is very hard. They are generally well finished 
and some are so regular in form and so beautifully smoothed and polished 
that they are not surpassed by any specimens that we have. As a rule 
they are of medium size, six or eight inches long, but most elegantly 
finished specimens are in our museums that are fourteen to twenty inches 
long. 

What are called celts or hand axes are more numerous and, as a class, 
somewhat ruder than the gouges, though some of them are as finely made 
as possible. 

Like the gouges the celts were rubbed and ground into shape, except 
in very rare cases, when a very hard stone was shaped by flaking. They 
are generally not more than four or five inches long, though some have 
been found that are twice this size. The material is usually some sort of 
very hard stone. 

Of ruder sort than other implements are the numerous hammers. Often 
these are merely water smoothed river or beach pebbles upon which no 



The Champlain Tercentenary 253 

work at all has been expended, and the only proof of human usage is seen 
in the battered ends. More rarely the hammer has been worked over its 
whole surface. Of course hammers or other implements used for pounding 
would not ordinarily be carried on long journeys and consequently would 
not be likely to be found far from a somewhat permanent camp. Hence, 
although very abundant in a few localities, these objects are not widely 
distributed. And the same is true of the boiling stones, which are of 
the same sort as the hammer stones, the difference being that the latter 
bear the bruises caused by their use, while the pebbles which were heated 
and thrown into the earthenware pots to heat the water show evidence of 
being heated, but no abrasion. 

The hammer stone when long and more or less slender becomes a pestle. 
Pestles are not common though in all a considerable number have been 
found in the Champlain valley. Some of these are only five or six inches 
long, and from this size they may be found of various lengths and weights 
to those over two feet long and weighing nearly thirty pounds. Some 
of these large pestles are finely shaped and of hard stone, so that great labor 
must have been expended in their making. 

Several so-called pestles have been found in the region we are con- 
sidering which are especially interesting because they are not only well 
shaped, but at one end they are carved to resemble the head of some 
animal. These are long and slender and should probably be regarded as 
clubs rather than pestles. 

Without some sort of mortar the pestle would be of little use, and 
where one is found the other may be expected. Yet it is noticeable that 
mortars are very uncommon in this region. Some very excellent examples 
have been found, but more often little labor was expended upon the 
mortars beyond that necessary to hollow out the cavity. This cavity was 
in some cases hollowed on one side only, but often there was made a 
hollow on each side. These were usually circular and several inches deep, 
but in some of the largest mortars the hollowed portion is oval and more 
or less irregular. Naturally the mortars would be of considerable weight, 
from ten to fifty pounds. 



254 State of New York 

The most common axe or hatchet was undoubtedly the celt or hand 
axe, already mentioned, but for heavier work larger axes were needed, 
and these are found, though not in large numbers. These larger axes may 
be six, eight or ten inches long and weigh several pounds, though we have 
none as large as many which have been found in the west and south. 
Some are very rude, others very carefully shaped and well finished. All 
have a groove around them by which a handle could be more firmly 
attached. These large grooved axes seem to us very clumsy and ineffi- 
cient tools, but Champlain in his account of making a camp for the night 
on one of the large islands in the lake, says that his Indian companions cut 
down large trees with these " meschantes baches," so that they were cer- 
tainly much more useful than they appear to us to be. 

There is a class of objects which seem to be more or less problematical. 
They are of very different shape, but always quite unlike objects designed 
for use as implements; always well and often very finely made and finished 
and of handsome material. These occur on both sides of the lake and 
form the chief treasures of collections. They are some of them suitable 
for ornament or for ceremonial purposes, but some do not appear designed 
for any known use. Nevertheless they are fashioned wdth such care and 
are so attractive in themselves that it is not possible to regard them as unim- 
portant to those who made them. By different writers they have been 
called as they are of one form or another — ceremonial stones, banner 
stones, gorgets, etc. And it is more than probable that some were used 
as indicated by these names, but some of them are quite puzzling. The 
flat pieces of slate or other stone which are included among the specimens 
mentioned are usually drilled once or twice and were apparently attached 
to the clothing or hung about the neck as ornaments. Others, the so-called 
banner stones, are thicker, of harder material, semi-lunar or more or less 
crescent shape and have a large hole bored through the middle. It is 
possible, but not certain, that these were in some way badges of office. 
A very few of the so-called birdshead stones have also been found. 

The discoidal stones, found especially in the south, are very rare in the 
Champlain valley. A few rather rough specimens have been found, but 



The Champlain Tercentenary 255 

I have seen only one really fine specimen and this is small, about two and 
a half inches in diameter, of white quartz and very finely made. 

Stone and earthenware pipes, some of them of very interesting form and 
finely polished are not numerous, but a goodly number have been found. 
The earthenware pipes are of various shape, a few tubular, more with 
bowl and stem, much like the modern pipe. The stone pipes are very 
variable in form, no two being alike, but as elsewhere, finely finished. 
Yet the pipes of the Champlain valley are much less elaborate than those 
from the mounds or other localities, and none of the earthenware speci- 
mens are effigies, or with headshaped bowls, such as are found in Nev/ 
York west of the Adirondacks. 

A very interesting form of pipe has been found in Swanton, on the 
Vermont side of the lake. A dozen or more of these have been obtained. 
They are simply straight tubes of stone from seven to twelve inches long 
and about an inch in diameter. They very closely resemble the tubular 
pipes of the Pacific coast and South America. 

It is noticeable that the pipes of the Champlain valley rarely imitate any 
human or animal form. I know of only one which resembles an animal and 
two or three which bear on the bowl the human face. 

Of earthenware or pottery a very great variety has been found. In this 
more than in any of the stone objects we are able at least partially to 
separate the Algonkian from the Iroquoian. The earthenware of the 
Champlain valley is sometimes almost without decoration, but by far the 
greater portion was ornamented at least about the rim and usually over 
much of the upper portion and sometimes even inside the upper part for 
one or two inches below the rim. No animal or human form is found in 
any specimen. The form is always globular below, the rim being con- 
tracted and variously shaped. In some cases the rim is quadrangular or 
five or six sided, although as stated, the lower part is always globular. 
Whole jars are, as is to be expected, very rare, but three fine specimens 
from Vermont are in the University Museum and one was in the fine col- 
lection of Dr. D. S. Kellogg of Plattsburgh, which was found near that 



256 State of New York 



place.* Large fragments, in some instances almost enough to reconstruct 
a whole jar, have been found on both sides of the valley. For the most 
part the pottery of the region is in fragments from the size of one's hand 
to mere bits not larger than a pea. These fragments have been found in 
very great quantity. A short distance north of Plattsburgh near what is 
locally called " The Creek," there were evidently many jars made, for 
some years ago the sand blown off revealed the old fireplaces where the 
pots were burned and an immense number of fragments were picked up. 
The decoration is in all cases indented, none in relief. It consists of all 
sorts of figures, crescents, key-shaped figures, circles, dots, triangles, 
squares, zigzags, etc., and groups of lines, arranged in every conceivable 
fashion, all stamped or drawn on the clay when it was soft. Some of 
the patterns are really very attractive and done with no little skill. Only 
by the aid of plates can any adequate idea of the variety and elegance of 
these designs or of the earthenware as a whole be given. 

In quality the Champlain valley pottery varies as in every other respect. 
Some of it is of the finest paste and carefully burned ; some is of very coarse 
material and more carelessly burned. Over the surface of most specimens 
after the piece was shaped and perhaps partly dried, a thin, smooth paste 
was added which covered the ruder mass of which the jar was mainly 
composed. As to the size of most of the jars it is only possible to give an 
approximate measure because of their fragmentary condition, but, with 
those that are entire and the larger fragments as guides, it may be said that 
they varied from those holding a pint to those holding ten quarts. As to 
what may be called the nationality of the pottery, it may be noticed that 
while there is much resemblance there are important differences. The 
entire jars and the finest of the fragments are to be regarded as made by 
Iroquois, while the simpler forms, especially those found on the eastern 
side of the valley are Algonkian. While the work of the Iroquois is 

*Dr. David Sherwood Kellogg made a collection of 2,500 chipped stone implements from the shores at 
Ticonderoga, Wright's Point and Orwell. He also collected at Fort Ticonderoga 575 wrought flints in 
one day. See his Paper read before the Vermont Historical Society entitled " Early mention of some 
events and places in the valley of 1-ake Champlain," published in the Proceedings of the Vermont 
Historical Society for 1901-1902. 



The Champlain Tercentenary 257 

superior to that of the Algonkins, yet when it is remembered that all of 
the pottery was made entirely by hand, the regularity of form and general 
excellence are remarkable. 

Soapstone dishes, such as are common in some parts of New England, 
are also found here, but they are very infrequent and always badly broken. 
Soapstone is not uncommon on the Vermont side of the valley, but the 
ancient residents seem to have preferred to use pots of earthenware. 

Bone was probably used by the aborigines to a much greater extent than 
now appears, for this material was used to so great an extent by other 
tribes and is so readily fashioned into certain classes of implements and was 
always at hand that it would surely have been a common material for 
many of the smaller implements, such as awls, needles, points for marking 
pottery, fishing spears and the like. 

Until within a few years only a very few bone objects of any sort had 
been found, but recently quite a number of various sorts have been found 
on the east shore of the lake and a few on the west. Some of these are 
like the many-barbed spear points of the Eskimo, but most are the ordinary 
awls, blunt points, etc. These latter were probably used mainly for 
drawing the lines and figures on the unbaked pottery. Canine teeth of 
the bear were carefully and evidently with no little labor cut or ground 
until half was removed and the remaining half brought to a sharp edge. 
As would be expected, objects of shell are uncommon and all that have 
been found are marine and from southern species. The little marginella 
conoidalis of the Carolina coast was used whole, evidently as beads, and 
the columella of the ordinary conch was cut into large beads an inch or 
more long and nearly as much in diameter. Like the beads made from the 
marginella these were perforated longitudinally and the surface ground 
smooth. These shell beads are interesting because they are proof of traffic 
between the northern and southern tribes. Bits of coral several inches 
long, the surface smoothed, have been found and furnish added evidence 
of trade with other tribes, as none of these materials can be obtained from 
northern waters. 
18 



258 State of New York 

Native copper is not found nearer the Champlain valley than Lake 
Superior, and here again v^e find proof of traffic with distant tribes, 
for copper implements and ornaments of different sorts have been found 
in several localities on both sides of the lake. Spear points, knives, 
celts, gouges made from copper, beaten into shape, have been found, and 
one large specimen weighing thirty-eight ounces, a celt eight inches long, 
was evidently cast in a mould. This was found a few years ago at the 
mouth of Otter creek, on the Vermont shore. 

Besides those objects, which were for use as tools, there are copper 
bars, which were probably ornaments, and small beads made by beating 
the metal into sheets and rolling pieces of the thin copper into cylinders. 
We cannot know much as to the age of the objects thus far mentioned. 
It is certain that their use reaches back centuries before the coming of the 
white men, but how far into the remote past of this country none may say. 
When we find anything made from iron, however, there is no difficulty in 
assigning it an age, since the French adventurers came to the American 
wilderness and bartered their hatchets and other articles of iron for that 
which they needed from the savages. Queer shaped axes or tomahawks, 
pipes, etc., are now and then found always much rusted, but always of 
interest. 

In the preceding pages there has not been any attempt to give more 
than a summary of what has been found during the past fifty or seventy- 
five years in the Champlain valley, which illustrates somewhat the life and 
handicraft of those to whom the region belonged before it was taken from 
them by the incoming Europeans. 

Those who may care to pursue the subject further are referred to Dr. 
Beauchamp's writings in Bulletins 1 6, 22, 50, 89 of the New York State 
Museum and to articles by the writer of this paper in the American Anthro- 
pologist, Vol. 11, pp. 607-623. plates XXIX-XXXVII; Vol. 13, 
pp. 239-249, plates XII-XVII; Vol. 14. pp. 72-80, plates I-V. also 
Seventh Report Vermont State Geologist, pp. 55-73, plates V-XVIII. 



V. FINANCIAL STATEMENT 

259 



V. FINANCIAL STATEMENT 

Albany. N. Y.. Mai; 26, 1913. 

To the Comptroller of the State of Neli> York: 

Pursuant to chapter 181 of the Laws of 1911, as amended by 
chapter 273 of the Laws of 1912, we, the undersigned Commissioners, 
submit herewith a full report of all receipts and disbursements of the 
Lake Champlain Tercentenary Commission of the State of New York, 
as of the date of May 26, 1913. 

Very respectfully, 

H. Wallace Knapp, Chairman 

Henry W. Hill, Secretary 

Walter C. Witherbee, Treasurer 

John H. Booth 

Louis C. Lafontaine 

James J. Frawley 

James A. Foley 

James Shea 

John B. Riley 

HowLAND Pell 

William R. Weaver 

Commissioners 
261 



262 State of New York 



Report of W. C. Witherbee, Treasurer, New York-Lake 
Champlain Tercentenary Commission, as of May 26, 1913. 

Received from United States Government. . . . $20, 000 00 
By vouchers on file in Washington 20, 000 00 

Received from 

State Treasurer $1 25, 833 72 

Vermont Commission account Crow^n Point 

Memorial I 3, 325 00 

Vermont Commission account cost of barges. 2, 000 00 
Hudson-Fulton Commission account cost of 

barges 6, 000 00 

Sale of six barges 2, 244 00 

S. H. P. Pell — sale of dock at Ticonderoga 500 00 

M. J. Farrell account sale of badges 1 , 395 00 

W. W. Richards account sale of grandstand 

at Ticonderoga 97 44 

W. F. Miller account sale of badges 97 07 

Henry W. Hill account sale of badges 25 1 

Presbyterian Church. Whitehall 4 76 

Parkhurst & Taylor, insurance rebate 8 73 

Conscience money 1 00 

H. W. Knapp, refund of transportation .... 3 76 
Booth Bros. & H. I. G. Co. account over- 
payment of voucher No. 485 to them .... 46 92 

$151,582 50 



By vouchers on file with State Comptroller. . . . $149, 936 15 

By cash on hand, retained for Secretary 
of Commission, for expenses incurred and 
to be incurred in connection with finish- 
ing and distributing reports, and to be 
accounted for in final report (estimated) . 200 00 

By cash on hand, retained for Plaltsburgh con- 
tract accepted by the Commission, for 
retaining wall not yet completed, — 
vouchers to accompany final report .... 1 , 346 35 

(See accompanying letters.) 

By check to State Treasurer 1 00 00 

$151,582 50 




CHARLES ALEXANDER NELSON 
Indexer 



The Champlain Tercentenary 263 



State of New York,^ 
County of Essex. |"'" 

WALTER C. WITHERBEE, being duly sworn, deposes and says that the 
above is a true statement of the moneys received and expended by him as Treasurer 
of the New York-Lake Champlain Tercentenary Commission. 

WALTER C. WITHERBEE. 

Sworn to and signed before me this 26th day of May, 1913. 

Halford E. Kidder, 

Notar\f Public, Essex Count}). 

Statement of Cost of Memorials 
CroTvn Point 

Booth Bros. & Hurricane Isle Granite Co. : 

Contract for general work $34, 850 00 

Additional foundations 323 00 

Model for carved work 50 00 

Lower flight granite steps 2, 925 00 

Glass for lantern I 25 00 

Corbel for Rodin bust 56 10 

Bronze hook, staple and lock for gal- 
lery door 16 50 

Freighting, hauling and erecting 

models 35 GO 

Freighting, hauling and erecting 

bronze 95 00 

Concrete paving 745 00 



$39, 220 60 

Statuary contract — Charles Augustus Heber 9, 000 00 

Architect's fees — Dillon, McLellan & Beadel 2, 893 23 

Amount allowed for concrete wall at base of steps 200 00 



Total $51,313 83 

Plattsburgh 

Booth Bros. & Hurricane Isle Granite Co. $10, 366 42 
Statuary contract — Charles Augustus 

Heber 6, 775 00 

Architect's fees — Dillon, McLellan & 

Beadel 1.714 14 

Ralph L. Signor, surveyor 60 35 

Express and duty on plans — Ottawa to 

Piattsburgh '25 

Amount allowed for retaining wall 1 . 346 35 ^„„ „, ., , . 

_ $20,263 51 



Grand total $71,577 34 



ANALYTICAL INDEX 

265 



ANALYTICAL INDEX 



Compiled by 

CHARLES Alexander Nelson, a. M., Head Reference Librarian (Retired) 
of Columbia Univenity 



ABERCROMBY. James. General, 
defeated by Montcalm at Ti- 
conderoga. 40. 102, 231; the 
Black Watch in the assault under. 
129. 

Abnaki, The Algonkins or, 247. 

Academy of Moral and Political 
Science. Paul Vidal de la Blache 
delegate of the, 94. 

Acadian and other boundary conten- 
tions. 231. 

Action. La pensee americaine se for- 
mule en termes d'. 64. 

Activities of the Tercentenary Commis- 
sioners. 217-18. 

Adams, Harold J., lawyer, born in 
the Champlain valley, 207. 

Adirondacks, M. Deschamps on the 
snow-capped, 82 ; Vidal de la Blache 
on the, 95; M. Bazin on the, 101 ; 
Port Henry one of five gateways to 
the, 151 ; Port Kent one of the gate- 
ways to the. 152; wall in Lake 
Champlain on the West, 153; as 
seen from Vermont, 167. 

Aero Club of France represented by 
M. Leon Barthou. 1 7. 

^Isthetics, Appreciation of ideals in, 
by the French and Italians. 18-19; 
Croce's intuitional theory of. 20. 



Africa. M. Hanotaux on the future 
cities of, 14. 

Aix-la-Chapelle. Treaty of. 230. 

Alexander. Charles Beatty, Reception 
to French delegates and Commis- 
sions by, 27; at banquet, 32; gift of 
Sevres bisque group from French 
Government to. 111; invited to dedi- 
cations, 117; Commission grateful 
to, 192. 

Alexander, De Alva Stanwood, M. C, 
assisted the Commission. I 79. 

Alexander. John White, welcomed 
French delegates to French Institute, 
26. 

Alger. George William, lawyer, born in 
the Champlain valley, 207. 

Algonkian and Iroquian handiwork. 
Difficulty of distinguishing, 250. 

Algonkins, The, or Abnaki, see Algon- 
quins. The. 

Algonquians, see Algonquins. 

Algonquins, the. Warfare of, and Iro- 
quois, 41,1 45, 249 : high and mighty 
talk of chiefs of, 146; Lake Cham- 
plain the battle ground of the, 226; 
in possession of eastern shore of the 
Lake, 247; territory occupied by the, 
247. 248; and French destroyed 
Schenectady. 248; first inhabitants of 
eastern shore of the Lake, 249. 



267 



268 



Analytical Index 



Allan, Montagu, Vice-Pres. of Franco- 
American Committee of Montreal, 
89. 

Allds, Jothara Powers, Chairman of 
Committee on Appropriations, 1 82. 

Allegorical bust. The, " La France," 
and the personnel and mission of the 
French delegation, 11-21: Interest in 
France, 1 3 ; appeal of M. Hanotaux 
in Le Figaro, 13-16; the French 
delegation, 16-17; Rodin's bust of 
" La France," 17-18; Allegorical 
interpretation by HenrY W. Hill, 
18-21. 

Allen, Ethan, captured Ticonderoga, 
145, 231-32; speech of, to soldiers 
before the attack, 146; on witnessing 
lowering of His Majesty's colors, 
146; reply of, to British officer, 232; 
ordered by Edward Mott to take Ti- 
conderoga, 243. 

Allen, Ira, on Ticonderoga, 72 ; " Nat- 
ural and pohtical history of the State 
of Vermont," 197, 209; gave all his 
property to University of Vermont, 
199; papers of, 209; a Major-Gen- 
eral of State Militia, 209. 

Allen, John Johnson, lawyer, bom in 
the Champlain valley, 207. 

Aliens, Independence and resolution of 
the, 199. 

Alliance Frangaise, of Boston, welcomed 
French delegation, 27. 

Ambassadors of France and Great 
Britain, invited to dedications, 117; 
participated in Tercentenary exer- 
cises, 119; sent representatives to 



dedicatory exercises, 119, 133; at 
the Tercentenary celebrations, I 43. 

America, Closer relations between 
France and, 90; honors herself in 
honoring Frenchmen, 97; raised mon- 
uments to French heroes, 1 42 ; cen- 
tury of peace between France, Eng- 
land, and, 164. 

Ainerican Arts Society, Loan exhibition 
in building of, 26. 

American flag. Largest, unfurled from 
masthead of any vessel, 27. 

American hospitality, M. Poincare on, 
92; M. Bazinon, 101. 

American memorials to Champlain ex- 
amined, 2. 

American people. Tribute of French 
delegates to the, 1 09. 

Amherst, Sir Jeffrey, General, erected 
the English forts, 52, 77, 1 27. 239- 
40; portrait of, on Tablet, 127; list 
of regiments under, 127; deeds of, 
I 28 ; besieged Fort Carillon, 1 45 ; 
correspondence of, with William Pitt, 
198, 239-40; took possession of Ti- 
conderoga and Crown Point, 231. 

Andrews, George R., M. C, Justice of 
Supreme Court, 205. 

Andromeda, The nebula in, 21. 

Angelus, Call of the, at Saint Jean, 86. 

Annapolis, Monument to French soldiers 
and sailors at, 142. 

Appropriation for New York Commis- 
sion, 226; for Vermont Commission, 
226. 

Arbitration treaties, Hope for French 
and English, 79. 



Analytical Index 



269 



Archaeology of the Champlain valley. 
Notes on the (G. H. Perkins), 
247-58. 

Archives, foreign and American, Tran- 
scripts of documents in, 1 98. 

Arms on base of Memorial Light- 
house, 3. 

Armstrong, Louis Olivier, and his com- 
pany of Indians, Obligations of Com- 
mission to, for pageants, 191; man- 
ager of the Indian pageants, 235. 

Armstrong, William W., Senator, Chair- 
man of Conmiittee on Appropriations, 
182. 

Army, Natives of the Champlain valley 
in the, 207, 209. 

Arnold, Benedict, commanded Ameri- 
can fleet at battle of Valcour, 40, 
152-53; not yet traitor, 128; extra- 
ordinary naval battle of, 232; de- 
manded command of the men to 
capture Fort Ticonderoga, 243. 

Arnold, Matthew, James Buckham com- 
pared with, 2 1 4. 

Arquebuse, Champlain's, 8, 137. 

Arrow and spear points. Chipped, 
251. 

Art, An interpretation of French, by 
H. W. Hill, 18-20; civilization ex- 
pressed through, 64-65. 

Art L\ by Auguste Rodin, 20n. 

Arthur, Chester Alan, from the Cham- 
plain valley, 203. 

Artists, American and French, 26. 

"As You Like It," Quotation from, 
1 68-69. 



Ashley, Jerold Myers, Captain Com- 
pany " M," 1st Infantry, N. G., Vt., 
at Crown Point Forts, 121, 125. 

Athene Parthenos, The, and " La 
France," 19. 

Atlantic, Nine voyages across the, by 
Champlain, 1 38. 

Attendance at Crown Point and Platts- 
burgh exercises, 1 1 9. 

Authors from the Champlain valley, A 
few of the works of, 209-14. 

Axes, Large stone, grooved, found, 254. 

BABCOCK. Joseph Weeks, from 
the Champlain valley, 204. 

Babcock's, Col., Rhode Island Rangers 
and Indians, under Gen. Amherst, 
127. 

Bacon, Robert, accompanied French 
delegation on tour, 16; gift of Ameri- 
can flag to S.S. France by, 27; ac- 
companied French delegation to Bos- 
ton, 27; guest at Waldorf-Astoria 
banquet, 31 ; Commission grateful to, 
192. 

Badges, Souvenir, presented to French 
delegates, 1 7. 

Bailey, Horace Ward, member of Ver- 
mont Commission, 5, 224, 226. 

Baker, Charles Whiting, editor of En- 
gineering Neivs, from the Champlain 
valley, 2 1 3. 

Baker, Moses Nelson, author and editor, 
from the Champlain valley, 2 1 3. 

Bakers, Independence and resolution of 
the, 199. 



270 



Analytical Index 



Balaklava, The Light Brigade at, and 
the Black Watch at Fort Ticon- 
deroga, 1 29. 

Ball given to French delegation by Mr. 
John Barrett, 27. 

Banner stones, and other problematical 
objects, found, 254. 

Banquet at Waldorf-Astoria, May I , 
1912, 31-55: Guests, 31-32; ad- 
dress of John H. Finley, toastmaster, 
33-34; address of George W. 
Wickersham, 34-37; address of Am- 
bassador Jusserand, 37-39; address 
of Lieut.-Governor Thomas F. Con- 
way, 40-43; address of Mayor 
Gaynor, 43-44; address of Gabriel 
Hanotaux presenting bust to Commis- 
sions, 44-50; address of Henry W. 
Hill receiving gift on behalf of the 
two Commissions, 51-55; photograph 
of, given to each delegate from 
France, 90; Lake Champlain As- 
sociation took charge of, I 1 8. 

Barber, Joel Allen, M. C, born in the 
Champlain valley, 203. 

Barnes, Albert Crane, Judge, from the 
Champlain valley, 207. 

Barrett, John, gave a ball in honor of 
the French delegation, 27. 

Barrett, Oliver Dana, a native of the 
Champlain valley, 207. 

Bartholdi, Frederic Auguste, presented 
statue of Liberty, 54, 60. 

Barthou, Jean Louis, member of French 
delegation, 1 6 ; speaker at luncheon at 
Metropolitan Club, 25 ; made a glow- 



ing address at the Waldorf-Astoria 
banquet, 50; spoke in French at 
Chamber of Commerce reception, 67; 
President of the Council of Ministers, 
67; guest at dinner to French dele- 
gation on its return to Paris, 91 ; re- 
marks at dinner, 93; urbanity and 
eloquence of, ! I 0. 

Barthou, Leon, member of French dele- 
gation, 17, 44; address of, at 
luncheon at the Metropolitan Club, 
25; made address at Waldorf-As- 
toria banquet, 50. 

Bartlett, Paul, Carl A. Heber in studio 
of, 2 ; sculptor of statue of Lafayette, 
163. 

Bascom, Robert O, Bibliography of 
papers by, 2 1 3. 

Battle of Champlain with the Iroquois 
reproduced in pageants, 235. 
Battle of Lake Champlain," painting, 
159. 

Bazin, Rene, of the French Academy, 
member of the French delegation, I 6, 
44; impressed by the Memorial 
Lighthouse, 72. — Impressions, as 
given in " Paysages d' Amerique," in 
the Revue des Deux MonJes, I 01 -6: 
Of New York and Washington, 101; 
of early morning at Ticonderoga, 
101; at the home of S. H. P. Pell, 
102; Carillon, 102; of visit to ruins 
of the forts, 103-4; the standards of 
the regiments of France, 103; house 
at the fort a museum, 104; Ameri- 
cans at the exercises at Crown Point, 
104-5; what the flags say, 105; 



Analytical Index 



271 



tribute to Champlain by, 105-6; 
beauty of style of, I 1 0. 

Beadel, Henry Ludlow, architect of 
Memorials, 2, 6, 8; welcomed the 
French delegation, I 6. 

Beauchamp, William Martin, Descrip- 
tion of slate knives by, 252; writings 
of, 258. 

Beauharnois, Charles de la Brische, 
Marquis de, built Fort Frederic, 52, 
85, 227, 239. 

Beaupre, Frederick Oliver, member of 
Vermont Commission, 5, 226; at 
dedication of the Memorial Light- 
house, 1 33. 

Beauty, C. W. Eliot on Democracy 
and, 140. 

Beckwith, George Mather, lawyer, from 
the Champlain valley, 207. 

Begin, Mgr. Louis Nazaire, helped en- 
tertain French visitors in Canada, 89. 

Beman, Nathan, guide to Ethan Allen 
at capture of Fort Ticonderoga, 243. 

Benedict, Charles Linnaeus, Judge, bom 
in the Champlain valley, 207. 

Benedict, George Grenville, Colonel, 
Works of, 211. 

Benedict, Robert Dewey, lawyer, a na- 
tive of the Champlain valley, 207. 

Bennet, William Stiles, M. C, assisted 
the Commission, 1 79. 

Bennett, Edmund Hatch, Judge, Edi- 
torial work of, 2 1 0. 

Bensel, John Anderson, invited to dedi- 
cations, I 1 7. 

Benton, Guy Potter, LL.D., invited to 
dedications, 1 1 8. 



Bi-State programme of International 
Tercentenary exercises, A fitting post- 
lude to the, 5 1 . 

Birds of France and America, M. Ble- 
riot on the, 67. 

Birdshead stones found, 254. 

Bissell, Daniel G., Brig.-Gen. of the 
American troops at Plattsburgh, 
233. 

Bitter, Karl Theodore Francis, C. A. 
Heber worked under, 2. 

Bixby, Dr. George Fairbanks, " The first 
Battle of Lake Champlain," 197; 
papers by, 2 1 4. 

Black Watch — 42d Royal Highland- 
ers, under Gen. Amherst, 127; a 
soldier of the, on the Tablet, 127, 
1 29 ; loss of the, at Fort Ticonderoga, 
129. 

Blair, Charles Francis, a native of the 
Champlain valley, 207. 

Bleriot, Louis, member of French dele- 
gation, 17; remarks of, at Chamber 
of Commerce luncheon, 66-67; 
French admiration for American 
aviators and scientists, 67; guest at 
dinner to French delegation on its 
return to Paris, 92. 

Bleriot, Madame, member of French 
delegation, 1 7. 

Block House in Germain Redoubt at 
Fort Ticonderoga, 71. 

Bluff Point, M. Jusserand on visit to, 
38; Commissioners and guests at, 
120. 153. 

Board of Trade of Montreal joined in 
reception, 89. 



272 



Analytical Index 



Boardman, Rev. George Nye, author 
of " History of New England the- 
ology, " 211. 

Boardman, Samuel Ward, Works of, 
211. 

Boire, Victor Francis, welcomed French 
visitors to Plattsburgh, 77-79: Wel- 
comed individually, 78; peace pro- 
jects between United States and Brit- 
ish Empire, 78; arbitration treaties 
between French speaking and Eng- 
lish speaking nations hoped for, 79. 

Boizot, Louis Simon, sculptor of bisque 
group " Telemaque chez Calypso," 
111. 

Bone, Objects made of, found, 257. 

Booth Brothers, contractors for Memo- 
rial Lighthouse, 3; for Plattsburgh 
Memorial, 8. 

Booth, John Henry, member of New 
York Commission, iii, 4, 8, 218, 
225, 226; supervised Plattsburgh 
Memorial, 6, 119; escorted Com- 
missioners and guests to Plattsburgh, 
77; at dedication of Memorial Light- 
house, 133; at dedication of Cham- 
plain Memorial Statue, 163; Judge, 
207; services rendered by, 218. 

Booth, Miss Katharine M., unveiled 
Champlain Memorial Statue at Platts- 
burgh, 163. 

Boston, Site of, fixed by Champlain, 48. 

Boston and Cambridge, Hospitalities ex- 
tended to members of French delega- 
tion at, 27. 

Botsford, Samuel Booth, lav^ryer, born 
in the Champlain valley, 207. 



Bouquet, Ceci, c'est veritablement le, 

86. 
Bourbons, The white coated, 1 28. 
Bourlamaque, M. De, forced to 

withdraw from Isle aux Noix, 

231. 
Boynton, Adelbert Wesson, lawyer, 

born in the Champlain valley, 207. 
Bradford, Gerard, Midshipman, of the 

flotilla. Obligations of Commission to, 

191. 
Brainerd, Ezra, President of Middle- 
bury College. 209. 
Brazza, Pierre Paul Francois Camille 

Savorgnan, Count de, French explorer 

in Africa, 1 4. 
Brebeuf, Jean de, French explorer, 35. 
British, The red attired, 1 28. 
British fleet. The, defeated by De 

Grasse, 59-60. 
British officers. Graves of, at Platts- 
burgh, visited, 1 58. 
British regiments commanded by Gen. 

Amherst, List of, on Tablet, 127. 
Bronze memorial tablet presented to 

State of New York by the Society of 

Colonial Wars, 121; unveihng of, 

125-29. See Tablet 
Bronze statue of Champlain by Heber, 

3, 7; description of, 8, 9. 
Brouage, birthplace of Champlain, 

Arms of, 5 ; keystone from doorway 

of Champlain's house in, 32, 33, 34; 

the sleepy town of, 1 05 ; the poor 

French boy of, 1 69. 
Brown, Allen Danvers, President of 

Norwich University, 209. 



Analytical Index 



273 



Brown, Rome G, lawyer, born in the 
Champlain valley, 207. 

Brugere, General Henri Joseph, Presi- 
dent of United States section of 
Franco-American Committee, 9 i . 

Bryce, James, M. Jusserand on, 37, 38; 
represented Great Britain at Tercen- 
tenary in 1909, 52, 158, 187; in- 
vited to dedications, 117; addresses 
and works of, I 88. 

Buckham, James, essayist and poet, born 
in the Champlain valley, 214. 

Buckham, Matthew Henry, President of 
University of Vermont, 208. 

Buel, Alexander Woodruff, from the 
Champlain valley, 203. 

Burgoyne, John, General, Inspiring 
deeds of, 128; correspondence of, 
with William Pitt, 198; at Fort Ti- 
conderoga, 232. 

Burke, Edmund, in land controversy, 
227. 

Burleigh, Henry Gordon, M. C, born 
in the Champlain valley, 205. 

Burlington, Celebration at, 38, 52; ad- 
dress of Mayor of, at dedication of 
Memorial Lighthouse, 1 42 ; and its 
bay, compared with Naples, 151-52; 
University of Vermont at, 1 5 1 ; a 
garrisoned post, 233; pageant and 
exercises at, plarmed, 235. 

Burlington Bay, the Baiae of our inland 
sea, 52; and Bay of Naples com- 
pared, 151. 

Burlington, steam cutter, in the flotilla, 
191. 
19 



CADY, Dr. Daniel Leavens, Verses 
of, on Lake Champlain, 81 ; 
poet of the Tercentenary Exercises at 
Plattsburgh, 212. 

Canada, owes existence to Champlain, 
1 4 ; once French territory, 60 ; enter- 
tains French visitors, 88-90; thanks 
to, by M. Hanotaux, 92; officials 
from, at Champlain Tercentenary, 
143; found Tercentenary an occasion 
to speak for international peace, 147; 
and our Republic have common herit- 
age, 171; good wiW of people of, 
189; destinies of the United States 
and, 229; England's acquisition of, 
by treaty, 231 ; invasion of, by Gens. 
Schuyler and Montgomery, 234. 

Canadian troops. Presence of, at the 
Celebration commended and appre- 
ciated, 187; obligations of Commis- 
sion to, 191 . 

Canals, Interoceanic, proposed at early 
dates, 36n. 

Canes Venatici, The whirlpool nebula 
in, 21. 

Canfield, Thomas Hawley, " Discovery, 
navigation, and navigators of Lake 
Champlain," 197. 

" Caniaderiguarunte," the " gate of the 
country," 227. 

Cannon, Joseph Gurney, favored the 
Tercentenary, 181. 

Canoe, The birch bark, 7, 81. 

Cantlie, George Stephen, Lt.-Col. in 
command of Fifth Royal Canadian 
Highlanders, 187. 



274 



Analytical Index 



Carignan-Salieres Regiment, The, at 
Fort Ste. Anne, 53. 234-35. 

Carillon, French name for Ticonderoga, 
1 02 ; M. Bazin's impressions of, 
103-4; house of fortress of, a mu- 
seum, 1 04 ; view from, resembles the 
plain of Pau, 104; the Vosges with 
Retournemer and Longemer, 1 04. 

Carleton, Sir Guy, defeated at Val- 
cour, 40. 

Carnegie Lyceum, French play at the, 
25. 

Carpenter, Matthew Hale, from Cham- 
plain valley, 203. 

Cartier, Jacques, 35 ; first of Europeans 
to see the Green Mountains, 43 ; ex- 
plorer, 102. 

Cassin, Stephen, Lt.-Commander, voted 
a gold medal by Congress, 233; fort 
named after, 234. 

Caswell, Lucien B., M. C, born in the 
Champlain valley, 203. 

Catholic Summer School of America, at 
Cliff Haven, Reception of Commis- 
sioners and guests at, 157-58: Ad- 
dress by Rev. Father D. J. Hickey, 
157-58; visits of Presidents and 
Governors, 157; work of the School, 
158; reply by Governor Dix, 158. 

Catlin, Charles Albert, chemist, from 
the Champlain valley, 208. 

Caughnawaga Indians, Claims of the, 
from Vermont, for land taken, 248. 

Cedar Beach, summer resort on east 
shore of Lake, 151. 

Celebration, The, Review of features of, 
187-89; one of the principal com- 



memorative celebrations of the cen- 
tury, 188; international character of, 
189. 

Celts or hand axes, of chipped stone, 
252; of copper, 258. 

Ceremonial stones, and other proble- 
matical objects, 254. 

Chamber of Commerce of Montreal, 
joins in reception to French delega- 
tion. 89. 

Chamber of Commerce of Plattsburgh, 
assisted the Tercentenary Commis- 
sioners, 119; met Commissioners and 
guests at Bluff Point, 157; enter- 
tained them at luncheon, 1 59. 

Chamber of Commerce of State of New 
York, entertained French delegation 
at luncheon, 59-67: Address of wel- 
come by A. B. Hepburn, 59-61 ; 
reply in French of M. Hanotaux, 
61-65; address of Count de Cham- 
brun, 65-66; remarks of M. Bleriot, 
66^67 ; addresses by Louis Barthou 
and Baron D'Estournelles de Con- 
stant, 67. 

Chambers, Walter Boughton, member 
of Committee on Tablet, 125. 

Chambly, Capt. Edward Mott at taking 
of, 243. 

Chambly, the falls of, Champlain at, 
230. 

Chambres de Commerce americaines, 
M. Hanotaux aux, 65. 

Chambrun, Count Charles de, member 
of French delegation, 17, 62 ; Ad- 
dress of, at Chamber of Commerce 
luncheon, 65-66: Personally repre- 



Analytical Index 



275 



sents Prime Minister of France, 66, 
75 ; part played by Frenchmen on 
this continent, 66; on friendship be- 
tween the two Republics, 66, 79. 
Champlain, Samuel, Memorial to, 1-9: 
Description of Memorial Lighthouse 
to, 3-6; Plattsburgh Memorial to, 
6-9; Statue of, 8; Tercentenary 
tributes to, 13; tribute of M. Hano- 
taux to, 13-14; keystone from birth- 
place of, at banquet, 32, 33; tribute 
of John Finley to, 33; checked tor- 
tures of Indians upon prisoners, 34 ; 
Atty.-Gen. Wickersham deems Light- 
house worthy tribute to, 35 ; visited 
Isthmus of Panama and suggested 
canal, 36, 137; M. Jusserand on 
Tercentenary Memorial ceremonies to, 
37; believed in justice to less ad- 
vanced races, 38-39; tribute of 
Thomas F. Conway to, 40-41, 42- 
43; new continent a revelation to, 47; 
M. Hanotaux on foresight of, 48; 
France joins in honoring, 50; central 
figure of Tercentenary celebration, 
53; Gov. Mead on, 74; L. C. La- 
fontaine on, 76; M. Deschamps de- 
scribes statue of, on Lighthouse, 81 ; 
well known in America, 84; honest 
man, 84-85 ; founded Quebec, 89, 
230; M. Vidal de la Blache on mis- 
sion of, 95 ; on islands in Lake Cham- 
plain, 96, 152; tribute of M. Bazin 
to, 102. 105-106; French gratitude 
for American commemoration of, 
109; Crown Point Memorial to, un- 
veiled, 134; tribute of John M. 



Thomas to, 1 36; tribute of Gov. Dix 
to, 137-38; tribute of Adjt.-Gen. 
Tillotson to, 139; account of first 
battle with Iroquois, 144, 230; trib- 
ute of H. Wallace Knapp to, 164; 
belongs to the world, 1 65 ; tribute of 
Gov. Dix to, through vista of three 
centuries, 165-66; Hamilton W. 
Mabie on, 166; tribute of Francis 
Lynde Stetson to, 1 68-69 ; Count de 
Peretti de la Rocca on lessons in life 
of, 170; prophetic vision of, 171 
tribute of Job E. Hedges to, 1 72 
might have written an epic, 227 
reached and named Lake Champlain, 
230. 

Champlain badges. Official souvenir, pre- 
sented to members of French dele- 
gation, 1 7. 

Champlain Canal, nearing completion, 
54. 

Champlain Memorial at Crown Point, 
see Lighthouse, Champlain Memorial ; 
and Crown Point Forts. 

Champlain Memorial Statue at Platts- 
burgh, I ; description of, 6-9: Statue 
and pedestal, 7; inscriptions on, 8; 
sculptor, 8-9; invitations to and prep- 
aration for the dedication of, 1 1 7- 
19; military features of exercises at, 
1 20 ; Commissioners and guests es- 
corted to site of, 1 59. Dedicatory 
ceremonies of, 163-73: Invocation, 
163; Statute unveiled, 163; historic 
flag used, 163; address of H. Wal- 
lace Knapp, 1 63-65 ; address of 
Gov. Dix, 165-66; address by 



276 



Analytical Index 



Adjt.-Gen. Tillolson, 166-67; ad- 
dress by Francis Lynde Stetson, ac- 
cepting Memorial, 168-69; address 
by Count de Peretti de la Rocca, 
1 70-7 1 ; address by John A. Stew- 
art, 1 7 1 -72 ; address by Job E. 
Hedges, 1 72 ; benediction by Rt. 
Rev. Mgr. Lavelle, 172-73; erected 
by the New York Commission, 1 86. 

Champlain Memorials, to be turned over 
to the authorities, 118; submitted for 
approval of the people, 1 86-87. 

Champlain Park in Plattsburgh, 122. 

Champlain region. Representative men 
of the, 203-14; light on early his- 
tory of, 240. 

Champlain Tercentenary Celebration, 
The, 36; reviewed by Senator Hill, 
51-53: Noted guests at, 51; five 
scenes of the drama of, at different 
points on the Lake, 52-53; glorified 
not only Champlain but all French 
heroes, 96; international character of, 
119; reviewed by Robert Roberts, 
1 43 ; made for international peace, 
147; beautiful weather conditions of, 
199. 

Champlain Valley, Historical importance 
of the, 40; Senator Hill on the, 52; 
Lt.-Gov. Conway welcomes French 
visitors to the, 73; Vidal de la Blache 
on history of the, 94; representatives 
from the, invited, 117; people of the, 
at dedicatory exercises, 1 19-33; eyes 
of the world upon the, 1 35 ; future of 
the, secure, I 36; should be conserved 
from commercialism, 1 39 ; strategic 



points for safeguarding the, 1 45 ; pic- 
torial grandeur of the, 151-52; prog- 
ress of humanity in the, 163; two 
memorials in the, 185, 186-87; 
people of, under obligations to speak- 
ers at the Celebration, 191; maneu- 
vering of troops in, suggestive histori- 
cally, 191; all courtesies shown by 
people of, appreciated, 1 93 ; history 
of, 197-99; a thoroughfare of suc- 
cessive nations, 1 99 ; belongs to 
history of three great nations, 225 ; 
Indian, French and English occupa- 
tion of the, 227; disputed grants of 
land in the, 227-28; Revolutionary 
engagements in the, 228 ; a highway 
of war and travel, 228, 229; 
destinies decided in, 229; the French 
and English struggle for the, 230-31 ; 
Treaty of Paris, 231 ; end of storm 
and stress period in, 232; battles of 
1814 in the, 233; landmarks of the, 
233-35. 

Chanler, Lewis Stuyvesant, Lt.-Gov., 
member of New York Commission, 
225. 

Chansons de filasse, 83. 

Chapman, James Russell, from the 
Champlain valley, 208. 

Chaput, Charles, helped entertain 
French visitors in Canada, 89. 

Charles V., Galvao proposed Panama 
canal to, 36n. 

Charlevoix, Pierre Francois Xavier de, 
on slave labor and hired servants, 
39. 

Charts of the region, 198. 



Analytical Index 



277 



Chazy, Capt. de, killed by the Mo- 
hawks, 234. 

Children of the American Revolution, 
Nathan Beman Chapter of, at Platts- 
burgh Barracks, 79. 

Chimney Point, Small fort at, 1 45 ; Port 
Henry overlooks, 151. 

China, Forts of, blown up, but Chinese 
smile and yield nothing essential, I 46- 
47; influence of boys of, educated in 
American colleges, upon, 147. 

Chipman, Henry, Judge, from the 
Champlain Valley, 207. 

Chipman, Nathaniel, Correspondence of, 
with Alexander Hamilton, on bound- 
ary dispute, 2 1 0. 

Chittenden, Lucius Eugene, on the strug- 
gle for Lake Champlain, 72 ; ad- 
dresses and public papers of, 197; 
Register of the Treasury under Lin- 
coln, 212; library and works of, 
212-13. 

Chittenden, Thomas, Governor, State 
papers of, 209-10. 

Chittendens, Independence and resolution 
of the. 199. 

Choiseul-Praslin, Marie Jean Baptiste 
Gaston, Due de, member of the 
French delegation, 1 7, 62. 

Churchill, John Charles, Judge, from the 
Champlain valley, 207. 

Citizens' Association of Montreal joined 
in reception, 89. 

Civilization, Contributions of France to, 
21. 

Civilization, American, M. Hanotaux 
on characteristics of, 46, 48-49; 



something of France in, 50; light of, 
symbolized, 51, 64, 72-73, 186; 
seeds of, sown, 60; Champlain pion- 
eer of, 1 66. 

Clark, Champ, Speaker of the House, 
from the banks of the Missouri, 33. 

Clark, Elroy Newton, lawyer, born in 
the Champlain valley, 207. 

Clark, John Cheeseman, lawyer, born in 
the Champlain valley, 207. 

Clark, William Andrews, entertained 
French delegation and the Commis- 
sions, 26; at banquet, 32; Commis- 
sion grateful to, 1 92. 

Clarke, George L., lawyer, from the 
Champlain valley, 207. 

" Clear Fountain, The," romance from 
Normandy, 83. 

Clermont, The, on the Hudson, 233. 

Cliff Haven, Catholic Summer School 
at, visited by Commissioners and 
guests, 157-58. 

Clinton, George, Governor, Remains of, 
transferred to Kingston, 183; State 
papers of, 209. 

Coins of France, Figure of woman sow- 
ing on, 60. 

Collamer, Jacob, from the Champlain 
valley, 203. 

College of the City of New York, 
French plays by students of the, 25. 

Colonists, French and English, Diplo- 
matic relations between, 229. 

Colonists, The Puritan, founded settle- 
ments, were not explorers, 97. 

Colony, Any, on American continent, 
must be self-supporting, 48. 



278 



Analytical Index 



Columbia University, once owned Ticon- 
deroga, 95. 

Comite France-Amerique, assumed the 
procuring of the Rodin bust of " La 
France," 13-14; American branches 
of the, received the French delegation, 
45 ; gift of the French due to efforts 
of the, 62 ; to develop pleasant rela- 
tions between the two countries, 64; 
friendship animates the, 75-76; M. 
Poincare on work of the, 93; toast 
to the, 93 ; delegates of the, impressed 
with the United States, I 42. 

Commemorations, Count de Peretti de la 
Rocca on the, I 42. 

Comment in appreciation of the visit of 
the French delegation, and honors 
conferred [by HenRY W. Hill], 
109-11. 

Commerce, M. Hanotaux on, 63-64. 

Committee of France- America, see 
Comite France-Amerique. 

Committee on Foreign Affairs, Members 
of, favoring the Tercentenary, 1 79 ; 
Joint Resolution reported by, 180; 
Report of, 1 80. 

Committee on Foreign Affairs, Report 
of, by D. J. Foster, 223-36: Joint 
resolution of Vermont Legislature, 
223-24; concurrent resolution of 
New York Legislature, 224 ; recom- 
mendation of N. Y. Commission, 
225 ; action of New York Legisla- 
ture, 225 ; of Vermont Legislature, 
226; facts warranting federal appro- 
priation, 226-36: Lake Champlain 
the battle-ground of Algonquins, 



Hurons and Iroquois, 226-27, 230; 
Indian, French and English occupa- 
tion of the valley, 227; disputed 
grants of lands, 227-28; battles of 
the Revolution, 228; a highway of 
war and travel, 228; extract from 
Dr. Cutting's poem, 228; historic 
importance of the valley, 229; 
Champlain's battle with the Iroquois, 
230; French and English struggle for 
the valley, 230-31; the Treaty of 
Paris, 231 ; Ethan Allen and Ticon- 
deroga, 231-32; Arnold's naval bat- 
tle, 232; end of storm and stress 
period, 232; battles of 1814, 233 
landmarks of the valley, 233-35 
Indian pageants provided for, 235 
importance of participation by the 
United States Government, 235-36; 
recommendation of passage of resolu- 
tion, 236. 

Compagnie de la Nouvelie France, La, 
Arms of, on Memorial Lighthouse, 5. 

Compagnie Generale Transatlantique, 
La, 16, 17; gave reception and din- 
ner to the French delegates, 27. 

Conant, Thomas Jefferson, Works of, 
210.. 

Conclusion of the work of the Commis- 
sion, 217-18. 

Confederacy of the Six Nations, The, 
247. 

Congo, Future cities on the, I 4. 

Congress voted medals to commissioned 
officers of Macdonough's fleet, 233. 

Congressional Library visited by French 
delegation, 27. 



Analytical Index 



279 



Congressional representation of the 
Champlain valley, 204-6. 

Connecticut Historical Society, Collec- 
tions of the, I 98. 

Conquistadores, The, sought gold alone, 
46; of the ideal, 47; the new, of 
labor, 48; no gatherings of many 
peoples to honor the, I 64. 

Contents, Table of, v-viii. 

" Continental, Not worth a," origin of 
expression, 59. 

Converse, John Heman, from the Cham- 
plain valley, 208. 

Conway, Thomas Franklin, Lt.-Gov., 
guest at Waldorf-Astoria banquet, 
3 1 ; address at banquet, 40-43 : His- 
torical importance of the Champlain 
valley, 40; tribute to Champlain, 41 ; 
alliance of Iroquois and English over- 
threw French dominion, 41 ; welcome 
of New York State to French guests, 
42-43; appreciation of gift, 43; met 
Commissioners and guests at Port 
Henry, 72 ; remarks of, at Crown 
Point exercises, 73; lawyer, native of 
Champlain valley, 207. 

Cook, Rev. Joseph, on the struggle for 
Lake Champlain, 72 ; " Historical 
address at the centennial anniversary 
of the settlement of Ticonderoga," 
197-98, 212; Lectures of, 212. 

Copper, Implements and ornaments of, 
found, 258. 

Cormon, Fernand, member of the French 
delegation, 16, 44, 190; response of, 
to welcome at French Institute, 26; 
impressed wdth the Memorial Light- 



house, 72 ; captivated by beauty of 
Lake Champlain, 82. 

Cormon, Mile. Madeline, member of the 
French delegation, 1 7. 

Corneille, Pierre, M. Hanotaux on like- 
ness of Champlain to, 84. 

Cornwallis, General Charles, Defeat of, 
at Yorktown, 59-60. 

Correspondence between Colonial Gov- 
ernors and William Pitt, 1 98. 

Cortez, Hernando, No gatherings of 
many peoples to honor, 1 64. 

Country, our, M. Hanotaux on ap- 
pearance of, 46; its resemblance to 
European countries, 47. 

Coureurs des bois, 33. 

Courrier des £.lal&-Unh, Address of 
Paul Vidal de la Blache in, 94-97. 

Cowles, Calvin Duvall, Colonel, Com- 
mandant at Plattsburgh Barracks, 77, 
119; and staff presented to French 
visitors, 77; M. Deschamps on, 86; 
invited to the dedications, 117; 
ordered review of Fifth Infantry, 
122, 158; and Regiment escorted 
Commissioners and guests to site of 
Champlain Statue, 122, 159; obliga- 
tions of Commissioners to, 191. 

" Creek, The," north of Plattsburgh, 
Pottery fireplaces found near, 256. 

Crevecoeur, Pierre Boucher de, helped 
entertain French visitors in Canada, 
89. 

Croce, Benedetto, Theory of aesthetics 
of, interpreted by H. W. Hill. 20. 

Crockett, Walter Hill, member of Ver- 
mont Commission, 5, 224, 226; at 



280 



Analytical Index 



dedication of Memorial Lighthouse, 
1 33; " History of Lake Champlain," 
198. 

Crown Point, Fall of, 35 ; ruined forts 
at, 52; Vidal de la Blache on early 
conflicts at, 95 ; on exercises at, 95 ; 
historical incidents in neighborhood of, 
1 43-44, 1 45 ; Seth Warner captured 
garrison at, 146, 232; Burgoyne 
forced abandonment of, 232; English 
forts at, 239-40; rock inscription at, 
240; Po'mte de la Couronne, 240. 

Crown Point Forts, Champlain Me- 
morial Lighthouse at, 1,2,3, I 3, 5 1 , 
54, 60; Commissioners and French 
delegation at, 72-77: Opening ad- 
dress of H. Wallace Knapp at formal 
exercises, 73; remarks of Lieut.-Gov. 
Conway, 73; welcome by Gov. 
Mead, 74 ; address of Gabriel Hano- 
taux, 74-76; gift received by Com- 
missioner Lafontaine, 76; visitors see 
ruins of forts, 76; new discoveries 
about old French fort, 76-77. Re- 
port of exercises at, by Gaston 
Deschamps, 80, 83-85; M. Bazin 
on Americans at exercises at, 1 04-5 ; 
military features of dedicatory exer- 
cises at, 121; site of, donated to New 
York State by Witherbee, Sherman 
&Co., 151. 

CrovvTi Point Forts, Dedicatory cere- 
monies of Champlain Memorial Light- 
house at, 133-47. For analysis see 
Lighthouse, Champlain Memorial. 

Crown Point Memorial, Formal invi- 
tations to dedication of, 117-18; 



arrangements for dedication of, 1 1 9, 
See also Lighthouse, Champlain Me- 
morial. 

Crown Point Reservation, Forts included 
in the, 76; Tablet at Fort Amherst 
in, I 25 ; New York Historical Asso- 
ciation custodians of, 128; Memorial 
on land adjacent to, 135. 

Cruelties, Indian, restrained by Cham- 
plain, 34-35. 

Culture and refinement of people of the 
Champlain valley, 209, 210, 214. 

Cummings, Dr. William Andrew 
Easton, Papers by, 214. 

Cutting, Sewall Sylvester, Poem " Lake 
Champlain," 1 52, 228. 

DA. R., Saranac Chapter of the, 
• at Plattsburgh Barracks, 79. 

Dal Piaz, John, member of the French 
delegation, 1 7 ; speaker at dinner on 
steamship France, 27. 

Dandurand, Raoul, President of 
Franco-American Committee of Can- 
ada, 89; bade French delegation 
" bon voyage," 90; on relations of 
Canada and United States, 93; in- 
signia of Legion of Honor conferred 
on, 93. 

Dartmouth, George Legge, 3rd Earl of, 
in land controversies, 227. 

Davidson, Julian Oliver, " The Battle 
of Lake Champlain " painted by, 
159. 

Davidson, Lucretia Maria, poetess, from 
the Champlain valley, 211. 



Analytical Index 



281 



Davis, Charles, General, at banquet at 
Waldorf-Astoria, 32. 

De Jean, Viscount, Secretary of the 
French Enibassy, welcomed the 
French delegation, 16; present at the 
banquet, 32 ; at dock to bid farewell 
to French delegation, 90. 

De la Blache, see Vidal de la Blache 

De la Place, Capt. William, English 
ofiicer at Ticonderoga, Ethan Allen's 
reply to, 232. 

De Liniers, Jacques Antoine Marie, 
French explorer, 1 3. 

Decoration of the valley pottery, 256. 

Dedicatory ceremonies [Henry W. 
Hill] , I 1 3-73 : I. Preparation for 
dedicatory ceremonies including mili- 
tary features, I I 5-22 ; Crown Point 
Forts. 121; Plattsburgh, 122. II. 
Unveiling tablet at the English Fort, 
123-29; Report of the Tablet Com- 
mittee, 125-27; Address of accept- 
ance, by J. A. Holden, 1 2a-29. 

III. Dedicatory ceremonies of Cham- 
plain Memorial Lighthouse, 131-47. 

IV. Sail down the Lake to Bluff 
Point, 149-53; Champlain Hotel. 
July 6. 1912. 153. V. The Summer 
School; Review at Plattsburgh Bar- 
racks; Reception at Plattsburgh, 155- 
59. VI. Dedicatory ceremonies of the 
Champlain Memorial Statue at Platts- 
burgh. July 6. 1912, 161-73. 

Democracies, Problem of government of 

great, by themselves, 49. 
Democracy, The American and the 

French, M. Hanotaux on, 75-76. 



" Democracy and beauty," President 
Eliot on, 140. 

Democraties, Deux grahdes, pensent et 
agissent, a I'unisson, 62 ; sont faites 
pour s'aimer, se comprendre, et s'unir. 
65. 

Depew, Chauncey Mitchell, moved 
adoption of Joint Resolution, 181. 

Deschamps. Charles Pierre Gas- 
ton Napoleon, member of French 
delegation representing Le Temps, I 7 ; 
Report of exercises at Crown Point 
and Plattsburgh by, in Le Temps, 80- 
86: Greeting at Port Henry, 80; trib- 
ute to Walter C. Witherbee, 80 ; poets 
on Champlain, 81 ; description of 
statue of Champlain, 81 ; his lake 
seen from the steamer, 8 1 -82 ; old 
French songs still exist in French- 
Canadian villages, 82-83 ; steamer 
slops before Memorial Lighthouse. 
83; impressions at unveiling of bust. 
84-85 ; address of M. Hanotaux, 84; 
of governors of New York and Ver- 
mont, 84-85 ; visits ruins of Fort 
Frederic, 85 ; experiences at Platts- 
burgh, 85-86; on Col. Cowles, 86; 
the welcome at St. Jean, Canada. 86; 
beauty of style of, 1 1 0. 

Dewey, Davis Rich, Professor, from the 
Champlain valley. 208; works of, on 
Economics, 2 1 2. 

Dewey, George, Admiral, a native of 
the Champlain valley, 208. 

Dewey, John, Professor, from the 
Champlain valley, 208; works of, on 
Psychology, 212. 



282 



Analytical Index 



Dickinson, Jacob McGavock. Secretary 
of War, Obligations of Commissions 
to, 191. 

Dieskau, Ludwig August, Baron von, 
occupied Crown Point, 231. 

Dillingham, William Paul, aided in 
securing Federal co-operation, 181. 

Dillon, McLellan and Beadel, architects 
of Memorial Lighthouse, 2; descrip- 
tion of Pittsburgh Memorial, 6-8; 
description of bust " La France," 1 8. 

Dinner in Paris to French delegation on 
its return, 91-93: Prominent guests, 
91-92; opening remarks of M. Poin- 
care, 92 ; address of Gabriel Hano- 
taux, 92-93; remarks of Senator 
Dandurand, 93; addresses of Louis 
Barthou, M. Puga-Borne, Myron T. 
Herrick and M. Poincare, 93. 

Discoidal stones rare in Champlain val- 
ley, 254-55. 

Dix, John Alden, Governor, approved 
Bill for erection of permanent me- 
morials, 1 ; member of New York 
Commission, 4, 8; and staff, at 
Crown Point and Plattsburgh, 120; 
reviewed the Fifth Infantry, U. S. A., 
122; at dedication of Tablet, 1 25 ; 
address at, 126; at dedication of 
Memorial Lighthouse, 133; address 
accepting Memorial and transferring 
it to United States, 1 36-38 : Tribute 
to Champlain, 137-38; to France, 
138; Memorial bequeathed to Fed- 
eral Government, 138; visited Cliff 
Haven Summer School, 157; re- 
sponded to address of welcome, 158; 
salute in honor of, at Plattsburgh 



Barracks, 158; address at dedication 
of Champlain Statue, 165-66: Statue 
as seen through vista of three cen- 
turies, 1 65 ; tribute to Champlain, 
166; quotes H. W. Mabie on, 166; 
obligations of Commissions to, 191. 

" Documentary history of the State of 
New York," 198. 

Documents relating to the region, 1 98. 

" Documents relative to the colonial his- 
tory of the State of New York," 1 98. 

" Dolphin," U. S. Str., took French 
delegation to Mount Vernon, 26. 

Dominy, Alonson Tabor, member of 
New York Commission, Death of, 
182,225. 

Donatello, Rodin and, 1 9-20. 

" Door of the country," The, 229, 233. 

Douglas, Stephen Arnold, from the 
Champlain valley, 203. 

Downie, George, Captain, commander 
of British fleet on Lake Champlain, 
40, 52; grave of, at Plattsburgh vis- 
ited, 158; defeated by Macdonough, 
233. 

Draper, Andrew Sloan, invited to dedi- 
cations, 1 1 7. 

Draper, William Henry, M. C, assisted 
the Commission, 1 79. 

Dream of Adjt.-Gen. Tillotson about 
Champlain Memorial Lighthouse, 
139. 

Drills and scrapers of chipped stone, 
251. 

Driscoll, Michael Edward, M. C, as- 
sisted the Commission, 1 79. 

Du Luth, Daniel Greysolon, Homage 
to, 96. 



Analytical Index 



283 



Dubost, Antonin, on unbroken amity 
between France and the United 
States, 94. 

Ducreux, Francois, Father, made map 
of Champlain region, 248. 

Dumas, Guillaume Matthieu, Count, 
Portrait of, in Independence Hall, 
28. 

Dunton, Walter Chipman, Judge, from 
the Champlain valley, 207. 

Duret, Theodore, on persecution of cre- 
ative artists, 19. 

Dwight. John Willard, M. C, assisted 
the Commission, 1 79. 

Dw^er, Rev. John William, pronounced 
benediction at dedication of Light- 
house, 147. 

EARTHENWARE of the Cham- 
plain valley, 255-56. 
Edgerton, Joseph Ketchum, from the 

Champlain valley, 203. 
Edison, Thomas Alva, Admiration of 

Frenchmen for, 67. 
Edmunds, George Franklin, from the 

Champlain valley, 203. 
Educational institutions. 208-9. 
Educators, Prominent, 208-9. 
Eiffel Tower, Flag used on, I 63. 
Eliot, Charles William, on Democracy 

and beauty. 140. 
Ellsworth, Perry Green, Judge, from the 

Champlain valley, 207. 
Embassies, Members of British and 

French, invited to dedications, 1 I 7. 
England, Century of peace between 

America, France and, 164. 



England and France, Struggles between, 
for the New World, 41, 94, 145. 

England's colonial policy decided by 
what occurred in the Champlain val- 
ley, 229. 

English and "Americans of the Union," 
Strife between, 94, 146. 

English and French, Strife between, 4 1 , 
94, 145. 

English forces. Alliance of the Iroquois 
with the, 41, 145. 

English Forts, erected by General Am- 
herst, 52, 145; visitors shown ruins 
of, 76; discoveries made at, 76-77; 
Tablet unveiled at, 121; Report of 
Tablet Committee, 125-26; General 
Amherst's reports on the construction 
of the. 239-40. 

Essex, summer resort on west shore of 
Lake, 151. 

Estournelles de Constant, Paul Henri 
Benjamin, Baron d', member of 
French delegation, 16, 44 ; introduced 
members of delegation to members of 
New York Commission, I 7 ; at lunch- 
eon at Metropolitan Club, 25 ; ad- 
dress of, at Waldorf-Astoria dinner, 
50; well known advocate of Inter- 
national Peace, 50^5 1 ; speaker at 
Chamber of Commerce luncheon, 67; 
eloquence of, 109-10. 

Ethan Allen Club entertained the Pre- 
liminary Champlain Commission, 1 92. 

Evarts, Jeremiah, from the Champlain 
valley, 204. 

Events occurring prior to I 783, Foreign 
material relating to, 1 98. 



284 



Analytical Index 



Explorers, early French, Pres. Finley 
on the, 33, 35; treatment of natives 
by the, 39; hardihood of the, 40; 
heroism of the, 41-42; M. Hanotaux 
on the, 46-48; sowed the seeds of 
civilization, 60; Champlain le plus 
glorieux parmi, 64; les volontaires de 
la foi, 64 ; M. Bazin on the. 1 04. 

Exposition du S^steme du Monde (P. S. 
de Laplace), 21 . 

Eyre, Edmund, Lt.-Col., ordered to 
trace ground for a fort, 239. 

FAGUET, Paul, presided at dinner 
given on the France to the Com- 
missions and the French delegation, 
27; invited to dedications, I I 7. 

Fallieres, Clement Armand, President 
of France, raising funds to purchase 
bust, 13, 186; generosity of, and of 
French people, 53; headed subscrip- 
tion list, 62, 75 ; honors conferred by, 
on members of the Commission and 
other Americans, I iO-i I. 

Falls of Montmorency visited by the 
French delegation, 89. 

Families. Old French, represented in the 
delegation, 1 7, 44, 62, 75. 

Farnham, Charles Cyrus, lawyer, from 
the Champlain valley, 207. 

Fassett, Jacob Sloat, member of Com- 
mittee on Foreign Affairs, I 79. 

Fath, Edward Arthur, on nebulae, 21. 

Father of the aborigines, Champlain, 
102. 

Federal appropriation. Facts warranting 
a. 226-36. 



Federal co-operation and assistance ren- 
dered by Senators of the United 
States, Representatives in Congress 
and others [by Henry W. Hill], 
I 79-82 : Joint Resolution from Com- 
mittee on Foreign Affairs, 179-80; 
D. J. Foster on, I 80 ; passed by Sen- 
ate and approved by Pres. Roosevelt, 
181 ; death of prominent friends of 
the Tercentenary, 181-82. 

Federal Government, Authorization of, 
135; Memorial Lighthouse be- 
queathed to, 1 38. 

Ferrin, William Nelson, President of 
Pacific University, 208. 

Ferris, Orange, M. C, born in Cham- 
plain valley, 206. 

Fifteenth U. S. Cavalry, Obligations of 
Commission to, 191. 

Fifth Royal Canadian Highlanders, 
Lt.-Col. G. S. Cantlie commanding, 
at the Celebration, 187. 

Fifth U. S. Infantry, at Pittsburgh Bar- 
racks, 77, 85; review of the, 122, 
158; roster of officers of, 122; es- 
corted Commissioners and guests to 
site of the Champlain Statue, 122, 
159; fired salute at unveiling, 163; 
obligations of the Commission to, 191. 

Fifth U. S. Infantry Band, Music by. 
at dedicatory cereroonies, 1 22, 1 63. 

Figaro, Le. Appeal to French people for 
funds in columns of, 13-16; repre- 
sented by M. Regis Gignoux, I 7. 

Financial Report of New York Com- 
mission to March 26, 1912, sub- 
mitted to the Legislature, 1. 



Analytical Index 



285 



Financial statement, 263. 

Fine Arts Academy of France, M. Fer- 

nand Ojnnon the President of the, 

17. 26. 
FiNLEY, John Huston, toastmaster 

at the Waldorf-Astoria banquet, 31 ; 
articles by, on " The French in the 
Heart of America," 32 ; Address of, 
at banquet, 33-34: Pilgrimage of, to 
Champlain's birthplace, 33; brought 
keystone from door of Champlain's 
home, which speaks for him, 33; the 
heads of three branches of our gov- 
ernment from valleys discovered by 
the French, 33-34; toast to Pres. 
Taft, 34; presented Attorney-Gen- 
eral Wickersham, 34 ; introduced 
Ambassador Jusserand, 37; M. Jus- 
serand on the Sorbonne lectures of, 
38; remarks of, introducing Lieut. 
Gov. Conway, 40; near accident on 
Niagara River, 40; called up Gov. 
of Vermont, 43 ; remarks of, intro- 
ducing Mayor Gaynor, 43; presented 
the French delegation, 44; presented 
Louis Barthou, 50; presented Baron 
d' Estournelles de Constant, 50; pre- 
sented Senator Henry W. Hill, 5 1 ; 
made a Knight in the Legion of 
Honor, 111; Harvard Exchange 
Lecturer at French universities. 111; 
Commission grateful to, 1 92. 

" Fire-water," Sale of, to natives, op- 
posed, 39. 

First Infantry, N. G. Vt., Company 
" M," at Crown Point Forts, 121, 
125. 



Fish, Frank Leslie, member of the Ver- 
mont Commission, 5, 226; at dedica- 
tion of Memorial Lighthouse, I 33. 

Fisk, Hon. and Mrs. Nelson Wilbur, 
Acknowledgment of entertainment of 
Preliminary Commission by, at Isle 
la Motte, 192. 

Fitch's, Col., Connecticut Regiment, un- 
der Gen. Amherst, 127. 

Fitzgerald, John Joseph, M. C, assisted 
the Commission, 1 79. 

Five Academies, Address of M. Vidal 
de la Blache at annual meeting of 
the, 94. 

Five Nations, The, represented in the 
Long House of the Iroquois, 4 1 . 

Flag, Historic, used to drape the Cham- 
plain Statue, I 63. 

Flagg, Azariah Cutting, Sec. of State 
and State Comptroller, from the 
Champlain valley, 206. 

Flags at Crown Point Forts, Rene 
Bazin on what they said, I 05. 

Flags at Fort Carillon, 103-4; stand- 
ards of the regiments of France rep- 
resented in the battle, 1 03. 

Flags of United States and France en- 
twined, 31, 59; on Memorial Light- 
house, 75; at Plattsburgh, 77; at 
Carillon. 103^. 

Fleur-de-lis flag. The ancient, of France, 
71. 

Florida, a Spanish province, 60. 

Flotilla, The, under command of Lt. 
G. W. Steele. Jr., 191. 

Foley, James Aloysius, introduced Bill 
for Memorials in Assembly, I ; mem- 



286 



Analytical Index 



ber of New York Gsmmission, iii, 4, 
8, 225. 226; supervised the Platts- 
burgh Memorial, 6; at dock to bid 
farewell to French delegation, 90; at 
dedication of Memorial Lighthouse, 
133; member of the Preliminary 
Commission, 2 1 8. 

Folk songs, French, Airs of, played, 72, 
82 ; preserved among the Canadian 
French, 83. 

Follett, John Fassett, from the Cham- 
plain valley, 203. 

Foote, Solomon, from the Champlain 
valley, 203. 

Foote, Wallace Turner, Jr., M. C, 
born in the Champlain valley, 205. 

" Forbe's " (17th) Regiment of Foot, 
under Gen. Amherst, 127. 

Forbes, Edgar Allen, " Land of the 
White Helmet." 39. 

Forces, The land, at Battle of York- 
town. 54, 59; at Fort Carillon, 102. 

Foreign Governments, Obligations to, 
acknowledged by the Commission, 
189. 

Fort Amherst, Tablet placed on wall of 
Old Barracks at. to commemorate 
erection of, 125-27; enormous ex- 
pense of building, 1 45 ; never offici- 
ally so named, 240. 

" Fort Blunder," near Rouse's Point, 
235. 

Fort Carillon at Ticonderoga, 52; 
Percy Mac Kaye on the heroic de- 
fenders of, 81 ; M. Hanotaux on, 
92; M. Bazin on the battle at, 
102-4; completed in 1756, 145. 
227, 231. 



Fort Cassin. at mouth of Otter Creek, 
234. 

Fort Frederic, erected by the French in 
1731. 52, 145. 227. 230, 239; 
ruins of, showTi to French visitors, 76; 
Mrs. Witherbee's discoveries at, 76- 
11; M. Deschamps on visit to, 85; 
capture of, commemorated by Tablet, 
126, 127; abandoned by the French, 
1 45 ; largest of early settlements at, 
1 45 ; territory claimed by French 
commandant of, 230; enlarged, 230. 

Fort Montgomery, called " Fort Blun- 
der," near Rouse's Point, 235. 

Fort Oswego, 240. 

Fort Pittsburgh, 240. 

Fort St. Frederic, see Fort Frederic. 

Fort Ste. Anne on Isle La Motte, 52, 
227, 233; became a Jesuit mission 
station, 234. 

Fort Stanwix, 240. 

Fort Ticonderoga, owned by S. H. P. 
Pell, 71, 103; strategic importance 
of, 72; work of restoration at, 95, 
1 03; loss of the " Black Watch " at. 
129; capture of, by Ethan Allen, 
145-46, 231-32. 

Fortress of Crown Point, Gen. Am- 
herst on the, 240. 

Foss, Eugene Noble, Governor, re- 
ceived the French delegation, 27; 
from the Champlain valley. 204. 

Foss, George Edmund, from the Cham- 
plain valley, 204. 

Foster, David Johnson, reported Joint 
Resolution from Committee on For- 
eign Affairs, 179, 223; remarks of. 
1 80 ; efforts of. for Federal co-opera- 



Analytical Index 



287 



tion, 1 82 ; death of, 1 82 ; obligations 
of Commissions to, 191 ; Report of 
Gjmmittee, 223-36. 

Founder and originator, Champlain both, 
13-14. 

Founders, Devotion to the memory of 
the, 50. 

Fouquet House in Plattsburgh, Lunch- 
eon at the, 159. 

Fourberies dc Scapin, Les (Moliere), 
performed by students of College of 
City of New York, 25. 

Fox Island granite used for Memorial 
Lighthouse, 3. 

France, Cordial relations between Amer- 
ica and, I 3, 42, 45 ; hope of Cham- 
plain for new world dominions for, 
13-14; duty of, towards Champlain 
Memorials, 14, 1 5-1 6; Rodin's bust 
designed to symbolize, 18, 74 ; and 
the progress of civilization, 20; the 
country of science and art, 2 1 ; opened 
up American continent to settlers, 2 1 , 
32 ; intellectual expansion of, in the 
United States, 25 ; struggle between 
England and, in the new world, 41 
Mayor Gaynor on women of, 43-44 
joins in honoring Champlain, 49-50 
debt of America to, 59-60, 96; flags 
of, 59, 71, 103-4; sows while others 
reap, 60; territory of, in America, 
60; stand of, at Ticonderoga no mis- 
lake, 72 ; delegation represents all of, 
74; image depicts, as Frenchmen see 
her, 74-75 ; thanks those who re- 
member, 74-75 ; American commem- 
orative monuments to, 75 ; honored in 



discourses of Governors of New York 
and Vermont, 84-85 ; closer relations 
between America and, 90; Jefferson 
on, I 38; salutation of Mayor Roberts 
to La Belle, 143; found Champlain 
Tercentenary an occasion to speak for 
international peace, 147; century of 
peace between England, America 
and, 1 64 ; Memorial to son of, who 
represents Frenchmen as we know 
them, 165. 

France, colonial empire of, M. Jusserand 
on the, 39. 

France, Government of, invited to par- 
ticipate in Champlain Tercentenary, 
180. 

France of time of Louis XIII, Arms of, 
on base of Memorial Lighthouse, 5. 

" France, La," Bust of, by Rodin, 3 ; 
appeal of Gabriel Hanotaux to 
French people to secure the, 13-16; 
inscription on, 1 7; description of, 18; 
allegorical interpretation of, by H. W. 
Hill, 1 8-2 1 ; acceptance of, by At- 
torney-General Wickersham, 3, 7; 
M. Jusserand on, 39; Conway on, 
40; formal presentation of, to the 
Commissions, 44-50; influence of, 
when placed on Lighthouse, 54-55; 
A. B. Hepburn on, 60; seal of the 
mutual regard of two nations, 62. 
1 65 ; permanent location of, on 
Lighthouse chosen, 73; a sign of 
gratitude, 74, 1 65 ; represents France 
as she is, 74-75 ; a souvenir of 
French gratitude, 75 ; accepted for 
the Commissions by L. C. Lafontaine, 



288 



Analytical Index 



76; unveiling of, described by M. 
Deschamps, 84-85 ; brought from 
France on ship La France, 93; M. 
Bazin on " La France " at Fort 
Carillon. 103-4; M. Peretti de la 
Rocca on, 142; renewed thanks for, 
190. 

France, Steamship, brought over the 
French delegation, 16, 45, 65, 93; 
banquet given on board, 27. 

Francis, Rev. Lewis, pronounced In- 
vocation at Lighthouse dedication, 
134. 

Franco-American Committee, see Comite 
France- Amerique. 

Franco-American Committee of Canada 
gave luncheon, 89. 

Franco-American Institute, The, wel- 
comed the French delegation, 1 6. 

Franklin, Benjamin, Heber's statue of, 
2 ; appeals of, responded to by French 
people, 53. 

Frawley, James Joseph, Chairman of 
Senate Finance Committee, member 
of New York Commission, iii, 4, 8, 
218, 226; in charge of Memorial 
Bill in the Senate, I . 

" French, The, in the heart of America," 
by John H. Finley, 32. 

French America, A, the dream of 
Champlain, 1 4. 

French and Algonquins against English 
and Iroquois, 145. 

French Canadians at Crown Point ex- 
ercises, 95. 

French colonization in America, John 
H. Finley's interest in. 111. 



French commemorations in the United 
States, 14. 

French delegation, The, to deliver 
Rodin's bronze of "La France," I, 
1 5 ; welcomed in New York, 16; the 
personnel of, 16-17, 37, 44, 61, 62, 
75. 78; the mission of, 17-18, 190; 
social functions and hospitalities ex- 
tended to, 23-28; received at City 
Hall by Mayor Gaynor, 25 ; lunch- 
eon to, at Metropolitan Club, 25 ; 
visited Loan Exhibition of the French 
Institute, 26; entertained by Senator 
Clark, 26; visited Washington and 
Mount Vernon, 26-27; reception 
and dinner at the French Embassy, 
16-27; reception at National Press 
Club, 27; luncheon at the White 
House, 27; dinner to, on board the 
France, 27; some members enter- 
tained in Boston and Cambridge, 27; 
others in Philadelphia, 27-28; ban- 
quet to, at the Waldorf-Astoria, 31- 
55, 118; tribute of Atty.-Gen. Wick- 
ersham to, 36-37; M. Jusserand on, 
38 ; welcomed to New York State by 
Thomas F. Conway, 42-43; Mayor 
Gaynor on, 43; introduced by Pres. 
Finley, 44; M. Hanotaux on mis- 
sion of, 44-45, 50; thanks to, by 
H. W. Hill, 53, 55; entertained by 
the Chamber of Commerce of New 
York State, 59-67; M. Hanotaux on 
personnel of, 62 ; entertained at Fort 
Ticonderoga, 71-72; breakfast with 
Mr. and Mrs. S. H. P. Pell. 71; 
examined the ruins, 71-72; trip to 



Analytical Index 



289 



CrowTi Point Forts, 72 ; suggested 
permanent location on the Memorial 
for " La France," 73; Lt.-Gov. Con- 
way's welcome to, 73 ; greeting to, 
from Gov. Mead, 74 ; M. Hanotaux' 
presentation address in behalf of, 
74-76; Commissioner Lafontaine's 
remarks to, accepting their gift " La 
France," 76; shown the old forts 
and recent discoveries at, 76>-77; 
welcomed at Plattsburgh, 77; recep- 
tion at Plattsburgh Barracks, 77-80: 
Address of Hon. V. F. Boire, 78- 
79; replies by members of delegation, 
79; remarks of Mrs. G. F. Tuttle, 
79-80; left for Montreal, 80; M. 
Deschamps on, 82 ; reception and 
banquet at Montreal, 89 ; luncheon 
by Franco-American Committee of 
Canada, 89 ; visit Quebec, 89 ; hosts 
of, in Canada, 89 ; met by Senator 
Hill at Niagara Falls, 90; enter- 
tained by General F. V. Greene, 90 ; 
" bon voyage " to, on La Provence, 
90; pleased at reception in this 
country, 91 ; dinner given to, in Paris 
on return to France, 91-93; guests 
at, 9 1 -92 ; experiences of, reviewed 
by M. Gabriel Hanotaux, 92-93; 
reception to, by Mr. and Mrs. Myron 
T. Herrick, 93-94; M. Vidal de la 
Blache on journey of, 94-97; mission 
of deeper import than mere presenta- 
tion of bust, 109; comment in appre- 
ciation of visit of. 109-10, 190: 
Commission grateful to all who helped 
to entertain the, 192. 
20 



French Embassy at Washington, Recep- 
tion and dinner at the, 26, 27. 

French fleet. The, under De Grasse, 
59-60. 

French Institute in the United States, 
Loan Exhibit of the, 25, 26. 

French literature, M. Hanotaux on, 91. 

French names. Illustrious, in history of 
America, 35. 

French officers. Bodies of, found at Fort 
Carillon, 103. 

French Panama Canal Company, In- 
terests of, purchased, 36. 

French people. Friendship and good will 
of, 2, 13, 21, 25, 31, 36, 37, 53, 
54, 60, 64-65, 66, 73, 79, 94, 
109, 111, 138, 142, 170, 188. 

French private soldiers and sailors. Mon- 
ument to, at Annapolis, 1 42. 

French Republic, Acts of friendship to- 
wards, the, 9 1 . 

French speaking and English speaking 
peoples. One hundredth anniversary of 
last war between, 78-79. 

French supremacy passed from Lake 
Champlain, 145. 

French trade, M. G. Hanotaux on, 90- 
91. 

Frenchmen played decisive part in Amer- 
ica, 66; prophetic vision of. made 
possible powerful unity of United 
States, 97. 

Friends of the project remembered, 1 82. 

Frontenac, Louis de Buade, Count, 
French explorer, 35, 102. 

Fuller, Paul, spoke in French at luncheon 
at Metropolitan Club, 25-26. 



290 



Analytical Index 



Fuller, Paul, Jr., Secretary of Franco- 
American Committee, 16; Commis- 
sion grateful to, 192. 

Fulton, Robert, Admiration of French- 
men for, 67. 

GAGE'S," 80th (Light Armed). 
Regiment of Foot, under Gen. 
Amherst, 127; fort built by, 239. 

Galvao, Antonio, suggested canal across 
Isthmus of Panama, 36n. 

Garfielde, Seleucius, from the Cham- 
plain valley, 203. 

Gateway of the Nation, The, Ticon- 
deroga, 52, 72. 

Gay, , Col., Edward Mott became 

Major in regiment under, 244. 

Gaynor, William Jay, Mayor of New 
York City, received the French dele- 
gates, 25; at luncheon at Metropoli- 
tan Club, 25; guest at Waldorf- 
Astoria banquet, 31 ; address of, at 
banquet, 43-44; willing to say noth- 
ing and write a letter, 43; economy 
of the woman of France should be 
imitated, 44. 

George II, Salutes at English Forts in 
honor of birthday of, 239-40. 

George V, Toast to, at Paris dinner, 
93. 

Germain, , Capt. Regiment des 

Gardes de la Reine, Inscription to, on 
the Germain redoubt, 103. 

Germain Redoubt, at Fort Ticonderoga, 
71; inscription on, 103; Commission 
entertained by Howland Pell at, ! 93. 



Gibbons, James, Cardinal, on our debt 
to France, 97. 

Gifford, James Meacham, lawyer, from 
the Champlain valley, 207. 

Gignoux, Regis, member of French dele- 
gation, 1 7. 

Gilbert, John Ingersoll, native of the 
Champlain valley, 206. 

Girard, Antoine Charles, member of 
French delegation, 1 7 ; represented 
commerce and industries, 1 09. 

Girard, Mile. Valentine, member of the 
French delegation. I 7. 

Glacier mill discovered near English 
Forts, 77. 

Gold, Early explorers sought for, alone, 
46-48; the lure of, 47; of natural 
wealth, 48. 

Gomara, Francisco Lopez de, urged an 
Isthmian canal upon Philip II, 
36n. 

Goodell, Constans Liberty, D.D., from 
the Champlain valley, 208. 

Goodrich, John Ellsworth, D.D., Works 
of, 211. 

Gorgets, and other puzzling stone ob- 
jects, 254. 

Gouel, Roger, member of French dele- 
gation. I 7. 

Gouges, of chipped stone, found in val- 
ley, 252; of copper, 258. 

Gouin. Sir Lomer, represented Province 
of Quebec at Champlain Tercen- 
tenary, 52, 187; helped entertain 
French visitors in Canada, 89 ; ad- 
dresses of, I 89. 



Analytical Index 



291 



Govemor-General's Footguards, Lt.-Col. 
D. R. Street commanding, at the 
Celebration, 187. 

Governors, Colonial, Correspondence of, 
with William Pitt, 198. 

Governors and Legislatures, Support and 
co-operation of, acknowledged by 
Commissioners, 2 1 8. 

Grabau. Rev. Hubert Pierre Le Febvre, 
Invocation at dedication of Cham- 
plain Memorial Statue, I 63. 

Grady, Thomas F., Death of Senator, 
182. 

Grand Isle, 96. 

Grand Isle County, The bard of, 152. 

Grants, French seigniorial, Few occu- 
pations under, 227. 

Grasse, Francois Joseph Paul, Count de, 
commander of French fleet, aided the 
colonies, 54, 59-60. 

Great Britain, Government of, invited to 
participate in Champlain Tercentary, 
180. 

Great Britain, War between, and 
France, 1 45 ; and American colonies, 
145; found Champlain Tercentenary 
an occasion to speak for international 
peace, 147. 

" Green Mountain Boys," invaded shore 
of Lake Champlain, 138; under 
Ethan Allen captured Ticonderoga, 
145-46; Allen's address to, 146. 

Green Mountain State, People of, wel- 
come the French delegation, 74. 

Green Mountains, Ancient French name 
of, given to State, 82 ; Vidal de la 
Blache on the, 95 ; seen from Lake 



Champlain, 153; as seen from New 
York State, 167. 

Greene, Gen. Francis Vinton, enter- 
tained French visitors at Niagara 
Falls, 90. 

Grenadier Fort, at Crown Point, 239. 

Grinnell, Josiah Bushnell, from Cham- 
plain valley, 203. 

Guests, specially invited to dedicatory 
ceremonies. Lists of, 117-18; steamer 
Ticonderoga chartered to carry, 1 1 9- 
20. 

HALE, Chandler, met French dele- 
gales in Washington, 26. 

Hale, Matthew, native of the Cham- 
plain valley, 206. 

Hale, Robert Saflord, from the Cham- 
plain valley, 203; Member of Con- 
gress, 205. 

Hall, Benjamin Elihu, lawyer, from the 
Champlain valley, 207. 

Hall, Hiland, " History of Vermont," 
197. 

Hamilton, Alexander, Correspondence 
of, with Nathaniel Chipman, on 
boundary dispute, 2 1 0. 

Hammers, Stone, found in numbers, 
252-53. 

Hammond, John, Colonel, born in the 
Champlain valley, 208. 

Hammond, John, M. C, born in the 
Champlain valley, 206. 

Hand, Augustus Cincinnatus, M. C, 
born in the Champlain valley, 205. 

Hand, Richard Lockhart, native of the 
Champlain valley, 206. 



292 



Analytical Index 



Hand, Samuel, Judge of the Court of 
Appeals, born in the Champlain val- 
ley, 207. 

Handiwork, Difficulty of distinguishing 
Algonkian from Iroquoian, 250, 
256-57. 

Hanotaux, Albert Auguste Ga- 
briel, head of French delegation, 
I, 16, 38; Appeal of, to French 
people for funds to procure the Rodin 
bust, 13-16: Tribute to Champlain, 
13-14; French commemorations in 
the United States, 14; request that 
France contribute Rodin's bust of 
"La France" to the Lighthouse 
Memorial, 15; appeal for funds, 16; 
on " La France," 18; reply to Mayor 
Gay nor, 25 ; placed wreath on Wash- 
ington's tomb, 26; speaker at dinner 
on S.S. France, 27; Address of, at 
Waldorf-Astoria dinner, 45-50: 
Mission of the French delegation, 45 ; 
receptions and entertainments in the 
United Slates, 45-46; the conquista- 
dores of America sought gold only, 
46; fantastic accounts of the new 
world, 47; explorers like Champlain 
found land like the mother country, 
47-48; tribute to Champlain's fore- 
sight, 48; labor the true basis of 
American civilization, 48-49; pres- 
entation of the bust " La France," 
50; thanks to French people through, 
by Sen. Hill, 53; Address of. at 
Chamber of Commerce luncheon, 61- 
65 : La generosite americaine a de- 
termine le voyage de la Delegation 



fran^aise, 6 1 -62 ; La France envoie 
son tribut de gratitude, 62; un par- 
allele entre les deux Republiques, 62- 
63; le commerce, 63-64; le Comite 
France-Amerique pour travailler au 
developpement des bonnes relations 
entre les deux pays, 64; les volon- 
taires de la foi, de la Liberte et 
de I'Amitie, 64 ; " La France," un 
symbole de I'amitie franco-ameri- 
caine, 65 ; responded to toast to the 
President of France, 67. Address 
of, at Crown Point exercises, 74-76: 
Rodin's bust depicts France as 
Frenchmen conceive her, 74, 1 65 ; 
the proofs of American sympathy 
prompted this response, 75 ; personnel 
of the delegation, 75 ; friendship of 
France, 75 ; same sentiments animate 
both democracies, 75-76; gift of 
"La France," 76; at Plattsburgh 
Barracks, 77, 79; M. Deschamps 
on address of, at CrowTi Point, 84; 
remarks of, on trade between United 
States and France, 90-9 1 ; on 
French literature, 9 1 ; on Pres. Taft, 
91 ; reviewed experiences of French 
delegation in address at the Paris 
dinner, 92-93: Salutation of thanks 
to United States and Canada, 92 ; 
emotions of, on reaching Ticonderoga, 
92-93; toasts proposed by, 93; trib- 
ute of Louis Barthou to, 93; remarks 
of, at reception to French delegation 
at American Embassy, 94; Vidal 
de la Blache's report of Address of, 
at Crown Point, 95-97: Champlain's 



Analytical Index 



293 



description of country, 95 ; the islands 
of the Lake, 96; adoption by Amer- 
ica of the French heroes to her own 
honor, 96-97; our American work 
not a failure, 97; a foremost citizen 
of France, 109; beauty of style of, 
110; selected the Rodin bust, 186. 

Harrison, Francis Burton, member of 
Committee on Foreign Affairs, I 79. 

Harvard Exchange Lecturer at French 
universities. III. 

Harvard University, Members of French 
delegation at, 27. 

Haskins, Kittredge, M. C, zealous for 
the project, I 79. 

Hatch, Edward, Jr., maintains hatchery 
for gulls, I 52. 

Haviland, William, Colonel, captured 
the French post at Isle aux Noix, 
231. 

Hawkes, McDougall, Chairman of 
Franco- American Institute, 1 6 ; ten- 
dered luncheon to Commissions and 
French delegates, 25-26; at banquet, 
32 ; presented French delegates at 
Chamber of Commerce luncheon, 59; 
invited to the dedications, 117; Com- 
mission grateful to, 1 92. 

Hayes, Roscoe G., Capt. Company 
" I •• 2d Infantry, N. G. N. Y., at 
Crown Point Forts. 121, 125. 

Hays, Lynn [Lindsay] Mortimer, mem- 
ber of Vermont Commission, 5, 224. 
226; at dedication of Memorial 
Lighthouse, I 33. 

Heber, Carl Augustus, Works of, 2-3; 
won Avery prize at Architectural 



League in 1910, 3 ; sculptor of 
Champlain Statue, 6, 8, 9, 51; in- 
vited to the dedications, I I 7. 

Hedges, Job Elmer, invited to dedica- 
tions, 118; address of, at dedication 
of Champlain Statue, 1 72 ; Cham- 
plain an epoch, I 72. 

Heights of Abraham, French delegation 
visited the, 89. 

Henley, Robert, Capt., voted a gold 
medal by Congress, 233. 

Hennepin, Father Louis, French ex- 
plorer, 35 ; homage to, 96. 

Hepburn, Alonzo Barton, guest at 
Waldorf-Astoria banquet, 31 ; Ad- 
dress of welcome at Chamber of 
Commerce luncheon, 59-61 : Obliga- 
tion of this country to France, 59- 
60; welcome to visitors, 60-61 ; in- 
troduced Ambassador Jusserand, 61 ; 
introduced M. Gabriel Hanotaux, 
61 ; introduced Count de Chambrun, 
65 ; made officer of Legion of Honor, 
110-11; Commission grateful to, 
192. 

Heroes, French, of 1 7th and 1 8th 
centuries, 92 ; all adopted by America 
in the Tercentenary, 96; more popu- 
lar in America than in France, 96- 
97; the founders, 97; their work for 
France not a failure, 97. 

Herrick, George Frederick, D.D., from 
the Champlain valley, 208. 

Herrick, Myron Timothy, M. Poincare 
on, 92 ; remarks of, at dinner to 
French delegation on its return to 
Paris, 93; gave reception to French 



294 



Analytical Index 



delegation at the American Embassy, 
93-94. 

Hervieu, Paul Ernest, guest at dinner 
to French delegation on its return to 
Paris. 91. 

Hiawatha, Longfellow's, Dramatic ver- 
sion of, by Indians, 235. 

Hickey, Rev. Father David Joseph, 
Address of, at Cliff Haven. 157-58: 
Notable visitors to the school, 157; 
scope of its work, 158; welcome to 
visitors, 158. 

High Mass, first celebrated in Vermont 
at Fort Ste. Anne. 52. 

Highway, An international, from Flor- 
ida to Quebec. 78. 

Highway for commerce and war. Lake 
Champlain a. 229. 

Hill, Bert Hodge, Director of Ameri- 
can School of Classical Studies at 
Athens, Greece, a native of the 
Champlain valley, 2 1 4. 

Hill, Henry Wayland, compiler of 
this Report. Secretary of the New 
York Commission, iii, 4, 8, 225, 
226. Address at Waldorf-Astoria 
banquet, 51-55: Champlain's dis- 
covery symbolized by Memorial 
Lighthouse, 51; the Tercentenary 
Celebration reviewed, 51-53; the 
generous and friendly gift of " La 
France " accepted on behalf of the 
Commissions, 53; tribute to the 
French people, 53-54; cordial rela- 
tions between the Republics, 54; 
" La France " will help to restore 
interest in the Champlain region. 54- 
55; welcome and thanks. 55. 



Hill, Henry Wayland. — Allegori- 
cal interpretation of bust " La 
France," 1 8-2 1 : Symbolizes devel- 
opment of France, 18; art ideals of 
the French, 18-19; the work of 
Auguste Rodin. 19-20; Benedetto 
Croce's intuitional theory of aesthetics, 
20; the bust reveals the culture and 
intellectual development of the French 
nation, 20; some French contributions 
to science, 20-2 1 . 

Hill, Henry Wayland. — Comment 
on visit of the French delegation and 
honors conferred, 109-11: Interest 
aroused, 1 09 ; personnel of the dele- 
gation, I 09 ; addresses reported and 
unreported, 109-10; style of their 
litterateurs, 110; welcome to, and 
impression left by, delegation, 110; 
Knighthood in Legion of Honor con- 
ferred on W. C. Witherbee, F. S. 
Witherbee, and H. W. Hill. 110- 
1 1 ; A. B. Hepburn made an officer 
in the Legion, 110-11; C. B. Alex- 
ander presented with a Sevres bisque 
group, " Telemaque chez Calypso," 
110-11; appreciation. 111. 

Hill, Henry Wayland. — Construc- 
tion of Memorials to Samuel Cham- 
plain. 1-9. — The allegorical bust 
" La France " and the French dele- 
gation. 11-21 . — Hospitalities ex- 
tended to French visitors, 25-97: 
New York. Washington, Philadel- 
phia and Boston, 25-28; Banquet at 
Waldorf-Astoria, 31-55; entertained 
by Chamber of Commerce, 59-67; 
at Ticonderoga, Crown Point, and 



Analytical Index 



295 



Plattsburgh, 71-86; Canada and 
Niagara Falls, 89-90; Impressions 
and comments by French visitors, 90- 
97. — Comment on visit of French 
delegation, and honors conferred, 
1 09-1 1 . — Dedicatory ceremonies, 
117-73: Preparation, 117-22; Un- 
veiling Tablet at English Fort, 125" 
29; Champlain Memorial Lighthouse 
at Crown Point Forts, 133-47; Sail 
to Bluff Point, 151-53; at Summer 
School, Plattsburgh Barracks, and 
Plattsburgh, 157-59; Champlain 
Memorial Statue at Plattsburgh, 
1 63-73. — Federal co-operation and 
assistance, 1 79-82. — Review of the 
work of the Commission and ac- 
knowledgments of assistance, 1 85- 
93. — Historical significance of the 
Tercentenary Celebration, 1 9 7-99. — 
Representative men of the Champlain 
region, 203-14. — Conclusion of the 
work of the Commission. 217-18; 
multifarious duties and services of its 
members, 217-18; resolution appre- 
ciating work of its Secretary, 2 1 8. 
Hill, Henry Wayland, welcomed the 
French delegation in New York 
harbor, 16; at luncheon at Metropoli- 
tan Club, 25 ; at reception at Senator 
Clark's, 26; at the dinner on the 
France, 27; introduced by President 
Finley at the Waldorf-Astoria ban- 
quet, 50; at Ticonderoga, 71 ; Crown 
Point. 72; at Plattsburgh, 77; tribute 
of M. Deschamps to, 80 ; met French 
visitors at Niagara Falls, 90; made 



a Knight of the Legion of Honor, 
111; with President Thomas planned 
programme of dedicatory ceremonies, 
119; at dedication of Memorial 
Lighthouse, 1 33 ; and of Champlain 
Memorial Statue, 1 63 ; member Con- 
stitutional Convention of 1894, 207; 
works of, 213; Commission's vote of 
thanks to, 218; moved Concurrent 
resolution in State Senate, 224. 

Historical significance of the Tercen- 
tenary Celebration. 197-99. 

Holden, James Austin, invited to dedi- 
cations, 117; address accepting Tab- 
let for N. Y. Historical Association. 
126. 128; papers by, 213. 

Horicon Hose Co. in parade, 1 59. 

Horr, Roswell G., 206. 

Hose Companies escorted guests to site 
of Champlain Statue. 1 59. 

Hospitalities to French visitors, 25-28. 

Hospitality, American, 61 ; M. Poin- 
care on, 92; M. Bazin on, 101. 

Hotel Biron, home of Rodin, 1 5. 

Hotel Champlain. Commissioners and 
guests at. 153; beauty of site of, 
153. 

Hotel Vanderbilt. The French delega- 
tion took rooms in the. 25. 

Household utensils of stone, earthenware, 
and bone, found in valley, 250. 

Howard, Jacob Merritt. from the Cham- 
plain valley, 203. 

Howard, Walter Eugene, Professor, 
member of Vermont Commission, 
224; death of. 182; from the Cham- 
plain valley, 208. 



296 



Analytical Index 



Howe, Julia Ward, resided in Rutland 
County, 212. 

Hudson, Henry, Champlain two months 
before, 5 i . 

Hudson, Henry Norman, born in the 
Champlain valley, 2 1 3. 

Hudson-Fulton Commission, Members 
of the Commission guests of the, 1 93. 

Hughes, Charles Evans, Governor, 
member of New York Commission, 
4. 8, 225; M. Jusserand on, 38; 
invited to dedications, 117; at Cham- 
plain Tercentenary, 143, 158; obli- 
gations of Commissions to, 191. 

Humanity of Champlain, Rene Bazin 
on the, 106. 

Hunting, George Field, D.D., from the 
Champlain valley, 208. 

Hurons, Battle of, with the Iroquois, 
34, 230; admiration of, for Cham- 
plain, 35-36; tattooed, 81 ; Lake 
Champlain the battle ground of the, 
226. 

Hurricane Isle Granite Co., contractors 
for Memorial Lighthouse, 3; for 
Plattsburgh Memorial, 8. 

Hyde Foundation for Harvard Ex- 
change Lecturer at French universi- 
ties, ML 

IBERVILLE. Pierre Le Moyne, 
A Sieur d". Homage to, 96. 
Illustrations, List of, ix-x. 
Implements and weapons found in the 

valley, 249-54, 257-58. 
Impressions of M. Rene Bazin, 101-6. 

For analysis see author entry. 



Independence Hall, Members of French 
delegation visit, 27-28. 

Indian pageants at Tercentenary, 53, 
235. 

Indian relics more abundant on eastern 
side of the Lake, 250; village sites, 
the source of, 25 1 . 

Indian tortures, Champlain's protest 
against, 34-35. 

Indian wars before Champlain came, 
137. 

Inniskilling (27th) Regiment of Foot, 
under Gen. Amherst, 127. 

Inscription on Rodin's " La France," 
17. 

Inscriptions on Memorial Lighthouse, 
4-6; on Plattsburgh Memorial, 8; on 
Tablet at Fort Amherst, 127. 

Inspiration from Champlain, 137. 

International peace. Baron d'Estour- 
nelles de Constant spoke on, 50-51 ; 
Great Britain, France, Canada and 
the United States, speaking for, 147. 

Invitations to dedicatory ceremonies sent 
out, 117-18. 

Ireland, Mgr. John, on American senti- 
ment toward France, 92. 

Ireland conquered long ago, but Irish 
conspicuous to-day, 1 46. 

Iron, Implements of, supplied by French 
adventurers, 258. 

Iroquois, The, and wars of French and 
English, 41 ; displaced by civiliza- 
tion, 82; strife of, with Hurons, 94, 
226, 230; wars of, 137; first battle 
of Champlain with, 144, 230; and 
English fought French and Algon- 



Analytical Index 



297 



quins, 1 45 ; high and mighty talk of 
chiefs of, 146; Champlain in pursuit 
of, 170; affiliation of, with Dutch 
and English, 230; name given to the 
Six Nations, 247; territory occupied 
by the, 247; on both sides of Lake, 
247; feared by the Algonquins, 248; 
in Vermont, 249 ; drove out the Al- 
gonquins, 249 ; first inhabitants of 
western side of the valley, 249 ; su- 
p>erior in culture to other tribes, 250; 
pottery of, superior to that of the 
Algonquins, 256-57. 

Islands, Controversy over grants of, 227. 

Isle Aux Noix, 96; French from, de- 
feated by Rogers near Rouse's Point, 
234; pageant and exercises at, 236. 

Isle La Motte, Historic interest of, 52, 
96, 233-34. 

Isthmus of Panama, visited by Cham- 
plain, 36; canal at, proposed, 36. 

Italians, Appreciation of ideals in 
aesthetics by, 18-19. 

JAMESON. John Alexander. Judge, 
a native of the Champlain valley, 
207. 

Jaray, Gabriel Louis, member of French 
delegation, 1 7. 

Jarvis, George Tibbals, member of Ver- 
mont Commission, 5 ; at dedication of 
Memorial Lighthouse, 1 33. 

Jefferson, Thomas, on France, 1 38. 

Jogues, Isaac, at Plattsburgh, 78. 

Johnson, Edwin Ferry, from the Cham- 
plain valley, 208. 



Joint Resolution reported by House 

Committee on Foreign Affairs, 179; 

reported to Senate by Henry Cabot 

Lodge, 181. 
Joliet, Louis, saw the Missouri, 33, 35 ; 

attitude of, toward Indians, 38-39. 
Judges, Many, natives of the Champlain 

valley, 206-7. 

JussERAND, Jean Adrien Antoine 

Jules, French Ambassador, in- 
formed Commission of French gift of 
" La France," I 3 ; on French com- 
memorations in the United States, 1 4, 
75 ; at luncheon at Metropolitan Club. 
25 ; entertained French delegates, at 
a reception and dinner, 26-27; 
speaker at dinner on S.S. France, 1.1 \ 
guest at Waldorf-Astoria banquet, 
31; introduced by Pres. Finley, 37; 
Address at banquet, 37-39: Recalls 
Tercentenary exercises, 37-38; desire 
of French to contribute to permanent 
Memorials, 38; Justice chief article of 
colonists* creed, 38-39; exchange of 
friendship between two nations, 39; 
organized the French mission, 45 ; 
guest at Champlain Tercentenary in 
1909, 52, 158, 187; at Chamber 
of Commerce luncheon, 59 ; remarks 
at luncheon, 61 ; informed France of 
intended Champlain Memorials, 61- 
62 ; entertained at Fort Ticonderoga, 
71-72; representative of France at 
exercises, 75; at Plattsburgh, 77; 
spoke at exercises at Plattsburgh Bar- 
racks, 79; personality of, 109; ex- 
pressions of appreciation from, ill; 



298 



Analytical Index 



invited to dedications, 117; repre- 
sented at dedications by Count de 
Peretti de la Rocca. 141, 169-170; 
appreciation of, 1 88. 
Justice, a chief article of the colonists* 
creed, 38-39; Washington on, 38. 

KASSON, John Adam, M. C, 
from the Champlain valley, 204. 

Keese, Richard, M. C, native of the 
Champlain valley, 205. 

Kellogg, Brainard, Professor, author, 
from the Champlain valley, 211. 

Kellogg, Dr. David Sherwood, Fine pot- 
tery jar in collection of, 255 ; archae- 
ological collection of, 256n. 

Kellogg, Henry Theodore, Judge, from 
the Champlain valley, 207. 

Kellogg, Orlando, M. C, friend of Lin- 
coln, native of the Champlain valley, 
205. 

Kellogg, Sylvester Alonzo, Judge, from 
the Champlain valley, 207. 

Kellogg, William Pitt, from the Cham- 
plain valley, 203; Judge, 207. 

Keystone from door of Champlain's 
birthplace, at banquet, 32; libation 
poured over, 33, 34. 

King George's, or the Five years' war, 
230. 

Kingsley, Darwin Pearl, from the Cham- 
plain valley, 208. 

Knapp, Horatio Wallace, Chair- 
man of New York Commission, iii, 
4, 218, 226; supervised Memorials, 
6, 119; presided at formal exercises 
at CroviTi Point, 73 ; opening address. 



73 ; introduced Lieut.-Gov. Conway, 
73; introduced Gov. Mead, 73; pre- 
sented French delegation, 74 ; pre- 
sented Col. Cowles and staff to French 
visitors, 77; chairman of dedicatory 
exercises, at Memorial Lighthouse, 
133; Address presenting Memorial 
Lighthouse to Governor of New 
York, 1 35-36: Commissions discharg- 
ing their final duties, 1 35 ; recognition 
of a century of peace, I 35 ; thanks to 
Vermont Commission, 136; Light- 
house transferred to Executives, I 36 ; 
introduced Count de Peretti de la 
Rocca, 141; presided at dedication 
of Champlain Memorial Statue at 
Plattsburgh, 1 63 ; Address, 1 63-65 : 
Patriotic spirit of sons of Plattsburgh, 
1 64 ; tribute to Champlain, 1 64-65 ; 
peace assured between nations gath- 
ered at Celebration, 1 65 ; services 
rendered by, 2 1 8. 

Knives of Stone, Chipped, found, 251- 
52; of copper, 258. 

Kunz, Dr. George Frederick, invited to 
dedications, 117; loaned historic flag 
for draping Statue at Plattsburgh, 
163. 

LA CLEDE. Pierre, Statue to, in 
St. Louis, 96. 
La Fayette, Count de, at banquet, 32. 

See also Lafayette, below. 
" La France," see " France, La." 
La Motle-Lusiere, Pierre de St. Paul, 
Sieur de, gave name to Isle La Motte, 
234. 



Analytical Index 



299 



La Provence, French delegation returned 
home on, 90. 

La Salle, Rene-Robert Cavelier, Sieur 
de, and the Mississippi, 33, 35 ; atti- 
tude of, toward Indians, 39. 

Labor, the true basis of American civili- 
zation. 48; apostrophe to, 48-49. 

Lafayette, Marie Jean Paul Roch 
Yves Gilbert Motier, Marquis de. 
Tributes of America to, 13; portrait 
of, 28; statue to, at Burlington, 52; 
aid from, in Revolution, 54; carried 
back inspiration from this country, 54 ; 
descendant of, in French delegation, 
65; enshrined in American heart, 78; 
entertained by Mrs. Russell at Fort 
Niagara, 80; statue of, given to 
France by American children, I 63. 

Lafayette, see also La Fayette, above. 

Lafayette Hose Company in parade at 
Platlsburgh, 159. 

Lafontaine, Louis Camilla, member of 
New York Commission, iii, 4, 8, 
218, 226; supervised the Memorial 
Lighthouse, 6, 119; address in 
French on receiving gift of " La 
France" for the Commission, 76; at 
dedication of Memorial Lighthouse, 
133; services rendered by, 2 1 8. 

Lago Maggiore, Lake Champlain com- 
pared with, 1 53. 

Lake Champlain, described by M. 
Deschamps, 81-82; by Rene Bazin, 
101, 104; separates and unites New 
York and Vermont, 140; Sail down, 
to Bluff Point, 151-53; works on the 
history of, 211; importance of dis- 



covery of, 223, 224, 225; battle 
ground of Indian nations, 226-27; 
known as "Caniaderiguarunte," the 
"gate of the country," 227; and 
" Mer des Iroquois," 227; many ex- 
peditions and engagements on, 227; 
noted officers visited its forts, 227; 
disputes over grants of islands and 
shore lands of, 227-28; from S. S. 
Cutting's poem on, 228; historic im- 
portance of, 229; a thoroughfare in 
hostile times and for commerce, 229; 
reached and named by Champlain, 
230; France claimed by discovery, 
230; forts on, 231 ; Arnold's naval 
battle on, 232; Macdonough's vic- 
tory on, 233; the door of the northern 
country, 229, 233; expedition from 
Isle La Motte, 233-34; Indian 
pageants on, 235; celebration of dis- 
covery of, of international importance, 
236; called Sea of the Iroquois, 81, 
249. 

" Lake Champlain," poem by S. S. Cut- 
ting, Extracts from, 152, 228. 

Lake Champlain Association, joined in 
banquet to French delegation, 31 , 33; 
M. Hanofaux presents bust " La 
France" to, and Commissions, 50; 
Frank S. Witherbee, President of, 
110; Board of Governors of, sent in- 
vitations to dedicatory exercises to 
members, 118; took charge of Wal- 
dorf-Astoria dinner, 118; Commission 
grateful to, 192. 

Lake Champlain district. Struggle for 
the, 146. 



300 



Analytical Index 



Lake Champlain Tercentenary Celebra- 
tion, Historical significance of the 
[by Henry W. Hill], 197-99: 
Possible result of, 197; critical his- 
tory of the valley yet to be written, 
197; authorities on successive pe- 
riods of, 197-98; documentary and 
other sources in archives and libraries, 
1 98 ; settlement and development of 
valley since War of 1812. 198-99; 
spirit of settlers, 199. Significance 
of the anniversary, 225. 

Lake Champlain Tercentenary Commis- 
sion of New York, Final Report of, 
to Legislature, iii, 1 ; previous Re- 
ports, I ; Bills concerning, 1 ; mem- 
bers of, iii, 4, 8; welcomes French 
delegation, 16; Report of, presented 
to French delegates, 17; mission of 
French delegation to present bust to, 
17; tendered luncheon at Metropoli- 
tan Club, 25 ; M. Jusserand on hos- 
pitality of, 38; invitations sent by, to 
the dedicatory ceremonies of the 
Crown Point and Plattsburgh Me- 
morials, 117-18; chartered the 
Ticonderoga, 119-20; at dedication 
of the Tablet, 126; members of, at 
dedication of Memorial Lighthouse, 
1 33 ; Chairman of, presented Me- 
morial to Governor of New York, 
135-36; thanks Vermont Commission 
and the Executives of both States, 
136; Mayor Roberts on the Report 
of the, 143. 

Lake Champlain Tercentenary Commis- 
sion of New York, Brief review of 



work of the, and acknowledgments of 
assistance rendered [by Henry W. 
Hill], 185-93: The Preliminary 
Commission, 1 85 ; co-operation of 
Vermont Commission in Crown Point 
Memorial, 185-86; Memorial Statue 
at Plattsburgh, I 86 ; the Celebration, 
Canadian troops, and foreign repre- 
sentatives, 187-88; addresses of M. 
Jusserand and James Bryce, 188; 
of MM. Lemieux and Gouin, 189; 
of Baron Uriu, 189; acknowledges 
its obligations to distinguished visitors 
and Foreign Governments, 1 89 ; " La 
France " and the French delegation, 
1 90 ; American officials and military 
organizations, 191-92; acknowledg- 
ments for other assistance, and for 
entertainments, 1 92-93.— Conclusion 
of the work of the, 217-18; Activ- 
ities of the Commissioners, 217-18; 
Resolution of thanks to Secretary Hill, 
218; co-operation of State Governors 
and Legislatures and of the National 
Government, 218; turned balance 
back into State Treasury, 2 1 8. 
— Concurrent resolution authorizing 
appointment of the, 224; meetings, 
report, and recommendations of, to 
Legislature, 225; appropriation for, 
226. — Financial statement, 263. 
Lake Champlain Tercentenary Commis- 
sion of Vermont, Members of, 5, 
224 ; joined in erecting the Me- 
morials, 74; invitations to dedicatory 
exercises sent to, 118; at dedication 
of Tablet, 1 26 ; members of, at dedi- 



Analytical Index 



301 



cation of Lighthouse, 133; formally 
transfers Lighthouse to Governor of 
Vermont, 136; efforts of, appreciated 
by Vermont, i 39 ; joined with New 
York Commission in erection of Me- 
morial Lighthouse, I85~86; Joint 
resolution authorizing appointment of, 
223-24; joint meetings of, with New 
York Commission, 225. 
Lake Champlain Tercentenary Commis- 
sions, French people raising funds to 
present a bust to, 13; mission of 
French delegation sent to, 17; 
luncheon tendered to, at Metropoli- 
tan Club, 25 ; received by Senator 
W. A. Clark, 26; guests at dinner 
on the France, 27; and at reception 
at C. B. Alexander's, 27; State 
banquet to French delegation at the 
Waldorf-Astoria, 31-55; M. Hano- 
taux presented bust to, 50; gift re- 
ceived on behalf of, by Henry W. 
Hill, 51, 53, 55; welcome French 
delegation, 55; entertained by Com- 
missioner Pell at Fort Ticonderoga, 
71-72; at Port Henry, 72; presenta- 
tion of " La France " by M. Hano- 
taux at Crown Point Memorial, 74- 
76; with guests at Plattsburgh, 77- 
80 ; issued formal invitations to the 
dedicatory ceremonies of the Memori- 
als, 117-18; assisted by the Lake 
Champlain Association, 118; planned 
to turn over the Memorials to proper 
authorities, 118; aided by people of 
Plattsburgh, 119; sail down the 
Lake to Bluff Point. 119-20. 147. 
151-53; Society of Colonial Wars, 



guests of, 125-26; members of, at 
dedication of Memorial Lighthouse, 
133; duties of, ended, 135. 138; at 
Hotel Champlain, 153; visit Cliff 
Haven, 157; witness review at 
Plattsburgh Barracks, 158; enter- 
tained by Smith M. Weed at Platts- 
burgh, 158; at luncheon at Fouquel 
House by Chamber of Commerce, 
159; escorted to site of Champlain 
Memorial Statue, 159; at dedicatory 
ceremonies, I 63 ; the joint memorial 
erected by, at Crown Point Forts, 
185-86; successful conclusion of the 
Celebration by the, 187-89; Tour 
of the Lake by the, 225. 

Lake House, Crown Point Village, 
Company " L" 2d N. G.. N. Y., 
in camp at, 121. 

Lake Superior, Copper from, 257. 

Lalande, Joseph Jerome Lefrangois de. 
Contributions of, to astronomy, 2 1 . 

Lalemant. Gabriel. French explorer, 35. 

Lamoille River, The, 248. 

Lamy. Efienne Marie Victor, member 
of French delegation. 16; at banquet. 
44 ; impressed with Memorial Light- 
house. 72 ; at Plattsburgh Barracks, 
77; spoke in French, 79. 

" Land of the White Helmet," by 
E. A. Forbes, 39. 

Landon, Warren Hall, from the Cham- 
plain valley, 208. 

Lands, Controversy over grants of shore. 
227-28. 

Lanel. Etienne Marie Louis. French 
Consul-General. welcomed French 
delegation, 16; at banquet, 32. 



302 



Analytical Index 



Langelier, Francis Charles Stanislas, 
Lt.-Gov., of Canada, entertained the 
French delegation in Canada, 89. 

Laplace, Pierre Simonde de. Contribu- 
tions of, to science, 2 1 . 

Larabee, Benjamin, President of Mid- 
dlebury College, 208. 

Larrabee's Point, side door to New 
England, 233. 

Latin America, Toast to people of, at 
Paris dinner, 93. 

Laurens, Jean Paul, " Surrender of 
Yorktown," painting by, in Court 
House of Baltimore, 75. 

Laval-Montmorency, Francois Xavier 
de. Bishop, visits Fort Sl Anne, 
234. 

Lavelie, Rt. Rev. Mgr. Michael Joseph, 
pronounced benediction at dedication 
of Champlain Statue, I 72-73. 

Lawyers, natives of the Champlain val- 
ley, 207. 

Lebon, Felix Frederic Georges, Gen- 
eral, member of the French delega- 
tion, 16, 44 ; sav»r strategic importance 
of Ticonderoga, 71-72; at review at 
Plattsburgh Barracks, 77; spoke in 
French, 79; M. Deschamps on honor 
shown to, 85. 

Legends, Fantastic, of the New World, 
believed, 47. 

Legion of Honor, Insignia of, conferred 
on Senator Raoul Dandurand, 93 ; 
Knighthood in the. conferred on W. 
C. Witherbee and Frank S. Wither- 
bee, 110; A. Barton Hepburn made 
an Officer in the, 1 10-| I ; Knighthood 



in the, conferred on John H. Finley 
and Henry W. Hill, ill. 

Le Jeune, Pere Paul, on the Indians' 
admiration for Champlain, 35-36. 

Lemieux, Rodolphe, Address of, at 
Plattsburgh, 38; represented Canada 
at Tercentenary, 52, 187; the ad- 
dress of, 189. 

L'Enfant, Pierre Charles, Major, 
planned city of Washington, 46. 

Lesseps, Ferdinand, Vicomte de, 1 3 ; 
and the Panama Canal, 36. 

Lessons from Champlain's life, 1 38. 

Lester, James Westcott, Colonel, and 
staff of Second Regiment of National 
Guard, N. Y., Obligations of Com- 
mission to, 191. 

Leverrier, Urbain Jean Joseph, Contri- 
butions of, to astronomy, 2 1 . 

Liberties, popular. Stability of nations 
founded upon, 1 8. 

" Liberty enlightening the World," 
Bartholdi's, presented by the French 
people, 54, 60. 

Light Brigade, The, at Balaklava, and 
the Black Watch. "Old Forty- 
Twa," at Fort Ticonderoga, 1 29. 

Light Infantry Fort, at Crown Point, 
239. 

Lighthouse, The, a symbol of national 
hfe, 141. 

Lighthouse, Champlain Memorial, at 
Crown Point Forts, 1-6: Cost of, 3; 
artistic features of, 3-4; inscriptions 
and arms on, 4-6; M. Hanotau'x on 
French contribution to, 15; fitting 
memorial to Champlain, 35 ; symbol- 



Analytical Index 



303 



izes Champlain's discovery. 5 1 ; on 
highway of water travel, 54; pleases 
French visitors, 72, 1 86 ; permanent 
location chosen for bust " La 
France" on, 73, 190; formal exer- 
cises at, 73-76 [for analysis see 
Crown Point Forts]. — Description 
of, by Deschamps, 83-84; Rene 
Bazin on the unveiling of " La 
France " at, 1 04-5 ; a testimonial in 
bronze of the good will of France on, 
110; military features at dedication 
of, 1 20, I 2 ! . — Dedicatory cere- 
monies, 133-47: Prominent guests, 
1 33 ; invocation by Rev. Lewis 
Francis, 134; unveiling of, by Miss 
Louise G. Witherbee, 1 34 ; address of 
Chairman Knapp presenting Memo- 
rial to Governor of New York, 1 35- 
36; Pres. John M. Thomas presented 
Memorial to representative of Gov- 
ernor of Vermont, 136; address of 
Gov. Dix transferring Memorial to 
United States, 136-37; address of 
Adjt.-Gen. Tillotson transferring Me- 
morial to United States, 138-40; 
address of William Cary Sanger re- 
ceiving Memorial on part of United 
States, 1 40-4 1 ; address of Count de 
Peretti de la Rocca representing 
France, 141-42; address of Robert 
Roberts, 142-47; benediction by 
Rev. J. W. Dwyer, 147; Port 
Henry overlooks, 151; joint work of 
New York and Vermont Commis- 
sions, 1 85-86 ; French delegation 
approved and placed " La France " 
as seal on, 186, 190. 



Literary exercises. Contributors to high 
quality of, 191. 

Littebrant, William Thomas, Captain, 
and staff of Fifteenth U. S. Cavalry, 
Obligations of Commission to, 191. 

Lloyd, James Horace, Brig.-Gen., and 
staff of Third Brigade of National 
Guard, N. Y., Obligations of Com- 
mission to, 191-92. 

Locarno and Bluff Point, 153. 

Lodge, Henry Cabot, U. S. Senator, 
reported Joint Resolution to Senate, 
181. 

Long House, The, of the Iroquois, 41 ; 
alliance of, with the English forces, 
4 1 ; greatest war machine of the time, 
137. 

Longfellow's Hiawatha, Dramatic ver- 
sion of, presented by Indians, 235. 

Longworth, Charles F., expert in food 
products, 208. 

Louis XV sent Montcalm to Ticon- 
deroga, 102; officials of, 227. 

Louis XVI. Officials of, 227. 

Louis the Just, Champlain on France 
under, 14. 

Louisiana, Cession of, 35 ; anniversary 
of Treaty of cession of, 36; once 
the territory of France, 60. 

Louvre, Works of modern sculptors in 
the. 19. 

Lovell's, Col., New Hampshire Regi- 
ment, under Gen. Amherst, 127. 

Lowell, Abbott Lawrence, President of 
Harvard University, entertained 
French delegates at luncheon, 27. 

Lyman's, Col. Phineas, Connecticut 
Regiment, under Gen. Amherst, 127. 



304 



Analytical Index 



Lynde, John, Judge, 207. 
Lyon, J. B., Company, Excellence of 
typographical work of, 1 93. 

MABIE, Hamilton Wright, on the 
story of Lake Champlain, 72, 
1 66 ; on the beauties of the Champlain 
valley during the Tercentenary Cel- 
ebration, 199. 

McCarren, Patrick Henry, Senator, 
Death of, 182. 

McCuen, Robert William, moved the 
appointment of the Vermont Commis- 
sion, 181; member of Commission, 
224. 

McCullough, John Griffith, guest at 
banquet, 32. 

Macdonough, Thomas, Commodore of 
American fleet, 40, 52; to have mon- 
ument on Lake Champlain, 169; 
importance of victory of, 228; de- 
feated British squadron, 233; Con- 
gress voted a gold medal to, 233. 

MacKaye, Percy, " Ballad of Ticon- 
deroga," 72, 81. 

McLaughlin, Chester Bentine, Judge, 
from the Champlain valley, 207. 

McMahon, Michael Deavitt, member 
of Vermont Commission, 224. 

Macomb, Alexander, Brig.-Gen. com- 
manding Americans at Plattsburgh, 
233. 

Maine, England after northeast corner 
of, 233. 

Maisonneuve, Paul de Chomedey, Sieur 
de. Statue to, in Montreal, 96; 
founder of Montreal, 96. 



Malby, George Ronald, M. C, Efforts 
of, for Federal co-operation, 1 79, 
1 82 ; death of, 1 82 ; obligations of 
Commissions to, 191. 

Manley, torpedo boat, in the flotilla, 
191. 

Maps of the region, 198. 

Marin, , French officer, saved 

Israel Putnam from being burned by 
Indians, 235. 

Marquette, James, savs^ the Missouri, 
33, 35; statue of, in the Capitol at 
Washington, 96. 

Marseillaise, The, played, 72, 77; M. 
Deschamps on, 80, 84, 86. 

Marsh, George Perkins, from the Cham- 
plain valley, 204; the works of, 
210. 

Marsh, James, President of the Univer- 
sity of Vermont, 208; writings of, 
210. 

Martin, George, Judge, native of the 
Champlain valley, 207. 

Massachusetts granite for Plattsburgh 
Memorial, 7, 8. 

Massachusetts Historical Society, Col- 
lections, 1 98. 

Masson, Frederic, presided at meeting 
of the Five Academies, 94. 

Malin, Le, aided the Franco-American 
Committee, 1 6. 

Maugras, Charles Gaston, of the French 
Embassy, invited to the dedications, 
117; at dedication of Tablet, 125. 

Maurepas, Jean Frederic Phelippeaux. 
Fort Frederic named after, 52, 227, 
239. 



Analytical Index 



305 



Mead, Rev. Charles Marsh, author, 
from the Champlain valley, 211. 

Mead, John Abner, Governor, member 
of Vermont Commission, 5 ; guest at 
the Waldorf-Astoria banquet, 32 ; 
declined to speak, 43 ; entertained at 
Fort Ticonderoga, 71-72; remarks 
of, at Crown Point exercises, 74 ; 
represented by Adjt.-Gen. Tillotson 
at dedication of Memorial Lighthouse, 
120, 125, 138; and of Champlain 
Statue, 166; regret at absence of, 
139; Gen. Tillotson on cause of ill- 
ness of, 167; obligations of Commis- 
sions to, 191 . 

Memorial Lighthouse, see Lighthouse. 

Memorials to Samuel Champlain, Con- 
struction of [by Henry W. Hill] , 
1-9: Bill authorizing, passed, 1 ; op- 
portunity at Crown Point Forts for 
a Memorial Lighthouse, 2; contracts 
let for, 3 ; cost, 3 ; artistic features 
of, 3-4 ; inscriptions on, 4-5 ; arms 
on, 5 ; Tablet on, 6 ; the Rodin bust, 
6; the Plattsburgh Memorial, 6-9: 
Described by the architects, 7; in- 
scriptions on, 8; the Statue, 8; com- 
pletion and cost, 9. See also Cham- 
plain Memorial. 

Mens agitat molem, 63. 

Menu cards at State banquet, 31. 

" Mer des Iroquois," 227. 

Merritt, Edwin Atkins, Jr., Chairman 
Committee on Appropriations, 1 82. 

Messier, Charles, Contributions of, to 
science, 2 1 . 

Metropolitan Club in New York, Lunch- 
eon at, 25. 
21 



Michael Angelo, Rodin as devoted to 

mastery of nature as, 1 9. 
Middiebury College Library, 198. 
Military Committee, Report of, by 
Howland Pell, 120-22: Staff of 
Gov. Dix, 120; representatives of 
Gov. Mead, 120; military com- 
panies, 121; participation of com- 
panies in Crown Point exercises, 121; 
review of Fifth Infantry at Platts- 
burgh Barracks, 122; list of officers 
and men at ceremony, 122. 
Military features of the ceremonies, see 

Military Committee, Report of. 
Military records of the United States, 
France, Great Britain and Canada, 
198. 
Millard, Stephen Columbus, M. C, 
born in the Champlain valley, 203. 
Missionaries, Early French, 33, 35, 
102; treatment of natives by, 38-39; 
sowed the seeds of civilization, 60; 
les volonlaires de la foi ei de I'es- 
perance, 64. 
Missisquoi Bay, Major Robert Rogers 

at, 234. 
Missisquoi River, The, 248. 
Mississippi River, Pres. Finley on the, 

33. 
Mississippi valley, Pres. Finley on the, 

33. 
Missouri River, Pres. Finley on the, 33- 

34. 
Mitchell, Dr. and Mrs. Silas Weir, at 
luncheon to the French delegation, 
28. 
Moffitt, John Henry, M. C, banker, 
born in the Champlain valley, 205. 



306 



Analytical Index 



Moffitt. Stephen, General, born in the 
Champlain valley, 208. 

Mohawks attack Fort Ste. Anne, 234. 

Mohegans, Encampments of, displaced 
by pleasant homes, 82. 

Moliere, Les Fourberies de Scapin of, 
played by students of College of City 
of New York, 25. 

Mona Lisa, " La France " fit to replace 
the, 18. 

Money loaned us by France, 59. 

Monk, Frederick de Bartzch, helped 
entertain French visitors in Canada, 
89. 

Montaigne, Michel Eyquem de, once 
mayor of Bordeaux, 43. 

Montcalm de Saint-Veran, Louis Jo- 
seph, Marquis de, defeated Aber- 
cromby, 40, 231 ; achieved fame at 
Ticonderoga, 55 ; victory of, in I 758, 
71, 93; at Plattsburgh. 78; French 
delegation decorated tomb of, 89 ; 
Vidal de la Blache on memories of, 
94, 95; homage to, in America, 96; 
defended Fort Carillon against the 
English, 1 02 ; Germain redoubt con- 
structed by, 1 03 ; inspiring deeds of, 
128; M. Jusserand's tribute to, 188; 
garrisoned Fort Carillon, 231. 

Montgomery, Richard, Brig.-Gen., 
joined Gen. Schuyler on Isle La 
Motte, 234. 

Montgomery's Highlanders, 77th Regi- 
ment, under Gen. Amherst, 127. 

Montpetit, Edouard, Professor, of Laval 
University, helped to entertain the 
French visitors in Canada, 89. 



Montreal, Site of, fixed by Champlain, 
48; reception and banquet to French 
delegation at, 89; founded by 
Maisonneuve, 96; M. Bazin on the 
journey to, 1 06. 

Montreal Chamber of Commerce, wel- 
comes French visitors, 89. 

Montreal Library, 198. 

Mooers, Benjamin, Maj.-Gen., com- 
manded militia at Battle of Pitts- 
burgh, 159. 

Moore, Sir Henry, in land controversy, 
227. 

Moore, John White, Rear-Admiral, a 
native of the Champlain valley, 208. 

Moore, Pliny, Judge, from the Cham- 
plain valley, 207. 

Morning, Early, at Lake Champlain, 
101. 

Mortars, Stone, very uncommon in re- 
gion, 253. 

Morton, Levi Parsons, from the Cham- 
plain valley, 204. 

Morvan, The mountains of, recalled, 95. 

Moit, Edward, Captain, Report of, 
243-44: Order to Ethan Allen, 
243; informed Congress of capture 
of Ticonderoga, 243; Major in Col. 
Gay's regiment, 244. 

Mott, Samuel, Chief Engineer of the 
northern army, 243-44. 

Mount Defiance, overtowering Ticon- 
deroga, 72; Burgoyne erected a bat- 
tery on, 232. 

Mount Independence, owned by S. H. 
P. Pell, 7 i ; commanding position of, 

72. 



Analytical Index 



307 



Mount Mansfield rises back of Bur- 
lington, 151. 

Mount of France, The, at Ticonderoga, 
103. 

Mount Vernon, French delegation vis- 
its, 26. 

Musee du Luxembourg, Works of mod- 
em sculptors in, 19. 

Museum, The house of Fort Carillon a, 
104. 

Museum of French Art, Opening of a, 
26. 

Myers, John Rossiter, Tribute of M. 
Deschamps to, 80; aided the Com- 
mission, 1 93. 

NAPLES and Burlington com- 
pared, 151. 

Nathan Beman Chapter, D. A. R., 
took part in reception of French dele- 
gation, 79. 

Nation, A, may lose in war, but a great 
race can hardly be rubbed out, I 46. 

National Assembly of France aroused, 
54; response of, to message of Presi- 
dent of United States in 1848, 54. 

National Government, The, protects all 
the people, I 40. 

National Guard of New York, Third 
Brigade of. Obligations of Commis- 
sion to officers and members of, 191- 
92. 

National Press Club, Washington, 
D. C, gave reception to French dele- 
gation, 27. 

Nations cannot neglect courtesies, 14. 

Navy, Natives of the Champlain valley 
in the. 207, 209. 



Nebulae, The, 21. 

Nelson, Charles Alexander, Indexes by, 
193. 

Nelson, Samuel, Judge, a native of the 
Champlain valley, 206. 

New England slowly becoming New 
France, I 46. 

New France, Champlain founder of, 
168. 

New York City, Hospitahties extended 
to French visitors in, 25-26, 27; M. 
Hanotaux on, 45, 46, 49; M. Bazin 
on, 101. 

New York Historical Society, Collec- 
tions, 198. 

New York State, Arms of, on base of 
Memorial Lighthouse, 5 ; once ovsTied 
Ticonderoga, 95; Senators and Rep- 
resentatives from, invited, 117; Gov- 
ernor and other officials of, invited to 
dedications, 117; co-operation of 
Governors and Legislatures of, 218; 
share of, in general expenses and cost 
of Memorials, 218; controversies of, 
with Vermont, 232. 

New York State Historical Association, 
Tablet at Fort Amherst placed in 
charge of, 126; address of accept- 
ance by Treasurer of, 128; address 
of acceptance by Secretary of, 129; 
Collections of the, 1 98 ; papers in pub- 
lications of, 2 1 4. 

New York State Museum, Bulletins of, 
258. 

Niagara Falls, French visitors enter- 
tained at, 90. 

Nichols, George Frederick, Colonel, na- 
tive of the Champlain valley, 207. 



308 



Analytical Index 



Ninth Separate Company of Whitehall, 
at Crown Point Forts, 121, 125. 

Noonan, TTiomas Hazard, Judge, born 
in the Champlain valley, 207. 

Notes on the archaeology of the Cham- 
plain valley (G. H. Perkins). 
247-58. 

Nouvelle Angleterre, la, Una des proc- 
lamations de, 63. 

O'BRIEN, John Francis, Secretary 
of State, born in the Champlain 
valley, 206. 

Officers, Noted, visited the forts, 227. 

Ohio, once French territory, 60. 

Ohio River, The, called La Belle 
Riviere, 34. 

Olcott, Jacob Van Vechten, M. C, as- 
sisted the Commission, I 79. 

** Old Forty-Twa " Royal Highlanders, 
129. 

Oliver, Robert Shaw, Brig.-Gen., ac- 
companied the French delegates to 
Mount Vernon, 26. 

Orion, The great nebula of, 21. 

O'Ryan, John F., Maj.-Gen., invited 
to dedications, 117; guest of the 
Commission at Crown Point, 1 20 ; 
at dedication of the Tablet, 125. 

Ottawa Library, 198. 

Otter Creek, American squadron fitted 
out at mouth of, 234; a moulded 
copper celt found at, 258. 

Oubanghi, Future city on the, 1 4. 

PAGE, Carroll Smalley, aided in 
securing Federal co-operation, 
181. 



Palmer, Frank, Colonel, native of the 
Champlain valley, 207. 

Palmer, George William, M. C, born 
in the Champlain valley, 205. 

Palmer, Peter Sailly, " History of Lake 
Champlain," and " History of the 
Battle of Valcour on Lake Cham- 
plain," 197. 

Paltsits, Victor Hugo, Papers by, 214; 
light on early history of the region in, 
240. 

Pan-American Building, Ball at the, to 
French delegation, 27. 

Panama Canal, Frenchmen and the, 36; 
conceived by Champlain, 36, 137; 
M. Hanotaux on the, 49. 

Parade, Civic and military, at Platts- 
burgh. 159. 

Paris, Dinner to French delegation on 
return to, 91-93; Americans return 
to. Frenchmen to America, 1 42. 

Parisian press. The, aided the Franco- 
American Committee, 1 6. 

Parker, John Mason, Judge, from the 
Champlain valley, 204, 207. 

Parkman, Francis, on the struggles about 
Crown Point, 72 ; on French pioneers, 
170; historical works of, 197. 

" Pastoral," Heber's statue of the, 3. 

Patridge, John Alden, Captain, from 
the Champlain valley, 209. 

Patriotism, Intense, in France, 18; of 
sons of Plattsburgh, 164. 

Pau, The plain of, suggested by view 
at Carillon, 104. 

Paulding, William, Colonel, and staff, 
of the Twenty-fourth U. S. Infantry, 
Obligations of Commission to, 191. 



Analytical Index 



309 



" Pavilion, The," summer home of 
S. H. P. Pell, 71. 

" Paysages d'Amerique " (Rene 
Bazin), 101-6. 

Peace, between English speaking peo- 
ples, One hundredth anniversary of, 
78; light of, replaces fitful fire of 
early war, 1 35 ; a century of, 135, 
164; forces working for, 147; an 
occasion to exchange words for in- 
ternational, 147; assured, 165. 

Peace projects. Great, planned between 
the United States and British Em- 
pire, 78. 

Pell, Howland, Member of New 
York Commission, iii, 4, 8, 218, 226; 
supervised erection of the Memorial 
Lighthouse, 6, 119; ancient pieces 
of armor of, used as models, 8; 
looked after details at banquet at 
Waldorf, 3 1 ; entertained Joint Com- 
missions in Block House, 71, 193; 
at dock to bid farewell to French 
delegation, 90. — Report of the Mil- 
itary Committee, 1 20-22. — Report 
of Tablet Committee on exercises at 
the unveiling, 125-27. At dedica- 
tion of Memorial Lighthouse, 1 33. — 
Services rendered by, 2 1 8. 

Pell. Stephen Hyatt Pelham, at ban- 
quet at the Waldorf-Astoria, 32; 
welcomes and entertains the French 
delegation at Ticonderoga, 71, 102, 
1 92 ; M. Bazin on the hospitality of, 
102-3; bought land to protect his- 
torical ground. 71, 103; invited to 
dedications, 117; .-'t unveiling of 



Tablet, 126; entertained President 
Taft, 192. 

Pell, William Ferris, Descendants of, 
own Ticonderoga, 95. 

Pelletier, Sir Adolphe, at the Celebra- 
tion. 187. 

People assembled at Crown Point Forts, 
Rene Bazin on the, 104-5. 

People of the Champlain valley. En- 
thusiastic support shown to the Com- 
mission by the, 1 93. 

Peretti de la Rocca, Emmanuel, Count 
de, met the French delegates in 
Washington, 26; invited to the dedi- 
cations, 117; at dedication of the 
Tablet, 1 25 ; represented the French 
Ambassador at the dedication of the 
Memorial Lighthouse, 133; Address 
of, 141-42: Many commemorations 
bind together the two Republics, 
1 42 ; Frenchmen now discover 
America and love it, 1 42 ; visited 
Cliff Haven, 157; salute in honor 
of, at Plattsburgh Barracks, 158; 
Address at dedication of Champlain 
Statue, 1 70-7 1 : Monument to re- 
mind tourists of their first great prede- 
cessor, 170; efforts of French ex- 
plorers not in vain, 170; thanks in 
French for cordial reception, 171. 

Peretti de la Rocca, Countess de [nee 
Lepidi de Gaffory] , at the dedicatory 
exercises, 133. 

Perkins, George Henry. — Notes 

on the archaeology of the Champlain 
valley, 247-58: Occupants of the 
territory, 247-48; claims of the 



310 



Analytical Index 



Caughnawagas, 248; Iroquois on 
both sides of the Lake, 249; imple- 
ments and weapons found, 249-52; 
gouges, 252; hammers, 252-53; 
pestles and mortars, 253; axes or 
hatchets, 254; ceremonial and ether 
stones, 254; pipes, 255; pottery, 
255-56; bone objects, and shell 
beads, 257; copper from Lake Su- 
perior, 257; Dr. Beauchamp's writ- 
ings on, 258. 

Perkins, George Henry, Professor, 
Notes on the archaeology of the val- 
ley by, a valuable contribution to this 
Report, 193; works of, 211. 

Perkins, James Breck, writer on French 
history, I 79. 

Perry, Aaron F., M. C, born in the 
Champlain valley, 204. 

Personnel cind mission of the French 
delegation, 13, 16-17. 

Peru, TTie conquistadores sought gold 
only in, 46. 

Pestles of stone, some carved, found, 
253. 

Phelps, Dr. Abel Mix, from the Cham- 
plain valley, 208. 

Phelps, Charles Henry, Judge, a na- 
tive of the Champlain valley, 207. 

Phelps, Edward John, from the Cham- 
plain valley, 204. 

Phelps, Samuel Shethar, from the 
Champlain valley, 203. 

Philadelphia, Hospitalities extended to 
members of French delegation in, 
27-28; M. Hanotaux on, 46. 

Phihppine Islands, Justice in the, 38. 



Piaz, J. Dal, see Dal Piaz, J. 

Pigeon, Henri, M. Deschamps on, 
85. 

Pilgrims, Champlain eleven years before 
the, 5L 

Pipes, Stone and earthenware, of the 
Champlain valley, 255. 

Pitt, William, Correspondence of Colo- 
nial Governors and officers with, 1 98, 
239-40. 

Pizarro, Francisco, No gathering of 
many peoples to honor, I 64. 

Piatt, Thomas Collier, U. S. Senator, 
aided in securing Federal cooperation, 
181. 

Piatt, Zephaniah, member of first Pro- 
vincial Congress, 206. 

Plattsburgh, Champlain Memorial at, 
1 , 6-9, 5 1 ; purchased site for Me- 
morial, 6, 119; the Tercentenary 
Celebration at, 38; Commissioners 
and visitors welcomed at, 77-80; 
Vidal de la Blache recalled associa- 
tions of 1814 at, 96; Mayor and 
people of, assisted the Commissioners, 
119; Committee of Chamber of Com- 
merce of, meets Commissioners and 
guests at Bluff Point, 157; tour of 
city and reception at home of Smith 
M. Weed, 158-59; luncheon at 
Fouquet House, 159; parade to site 
of Memorial Statue, 159; dedicatory 
ceremonies, 163-73; patriotic spirit 
of sons of, 1 63 ; liberal benefactors 
of, 168; Memorial Statue accepted 
on behalf of, 168; Library at, 198; 
land engagements about, 233; mili- 



Analytical Index 



311 



lary pageant and formal exercises at, 
planned, 235-36. 

Plattsburgh Barracks, Pageant at, 52; 
exercises at, welcoming French dele- 
gation. 77-80: Address of V. F. 
Boire, 78-79; addresses by French 
visitors, 79; remarks of Mrs. G. F. 
Tuttle, 79-80; regimental dress pa- 
rade, 80; M. Deschamps' descrip- 
tion of reception at, 85-86; the salute 
by Col. Cowles, 86; reviews of Fifth 
Infantry U. S. A. at. 122, 158. 

Plattsburgh, Battle of. Graves of Brit- 
ish officers who fell in, visited, 158; 
Maj.-Gen. Mooers commander of 
militia at, 159. 

Plattsburgh Bay, Naval engagement in, 
40, 52, 164, 233; Davidson's paint- 
ing of " The Battle of Lake Cham- 
plain," 159. 

Plattsburgh Memorial, see Champlain 
Memorial Statue. 

Plattsburgh, steam cutter in the flotilla, 
191. 

Plumley, Frank, Obligations of Com- 
missions to, 191. 

Poete, Marcel, on the intellectual ex- 
pansion of France in the United 
States, 25. 

Poincare, Raymond, President of Coun- 
cil of Ministers, sends personal rep- 
resentative, I 7, 62, 66; elected Presi- 
dent of France, 67; subscribed 
to fund for bust, 75, 186; presided 
at dinner to French delegation on its 
return to Paris. 91; on Myron T. 
Herrick, 92; closing address at din- 



ner, 93; as President of France made 
Henry W. Hill a Knight of the Le- 
gion of Honor, 111. 

Point au Fer, fortified by Gen. Sulli- 
van, 235. 

Pointe de la Couronne, 240. 

Port Henry, Commissioners and guests 
at, 72, 151; M. Deschamps on re- 
ception at, 80-81 ; his word-picture 
of, 82; guests from, on the Ticon- 
deroga. 119. 120; Library at, 198. 

Port Henry Band, at Crown Point, 
121, 125; at dedication of Memorial 
Lighthouse, I 34. 

Port Kent, gateway to the Adirondacks, 
152. 

Portales, Jacques de. Count, guest at 
banquet, 32. 

Porter. Horace. General, guest at Wal- 
dorf-Astoria banquet, 3 1 . 

Porter. Peter Augustus, M. C, assisted 
the Commission. 1 79. 

Portico, or veranda, a distinctive feature 
of colonial architecture, 95. 

Potter, Joseph, Judge, a native of the 
Champlain valley, 207. 

Pottery, Great variety of, found, 255- 
56; Algonkian and Iroquoian, 256- 
57. 

Powers, Horace Henry, M. C. and 
Chief Judge Supreme Court of Ver- 
mont, 205. 

Preliminary Champlain Commission, 
Work of the, 185; acknowledgment 
for entertainment and transportation of 
the, 1 92 ; entertained by Ethan Allen 
Club, 192. 



312 



Analytical Index 



Prentice, Samuel, from the Champlain 
valley, 203. 

Preparation for dedicatory ceremonies, 
including military features, 1 1 7-22 : 
Formal invitations sent out, 1 17-18; 
arrangements planned by, and assist- 
ance given to the Commissioners, 
118 19; attendance at exercises, 
1 19-20; report of Military Commit- 
tee, 120-22. 

President of the French Republic, 
Toasts to, at Waldorf-Astoria ban- 
quet, 32, 37; at Chamber of Com- 
merce luncheon, 67; at dinner in 
Paris on return of French delegation, 
93. 

President of the United States, Toasts 
to, 32, 34 ; lent his presence to Ter- 
centenary ceremonies, 37; message 
of, on establishment of French Re- 
public, 54 ; Toast to, at Paris din- 
ner, 93 ; unable to attend dedicatory 
exercises, I I 8. 

Press, the, of this country and of Canada, 
Thanks of Commissioners to, 193. 

Prevost, Sir George, commander of 
British forces about Plattsburgh, 233. 

" Prideaux's " (55th) Regiment of 
Foot, under Gen. Amherst, 127. 

Proctor, Fletcher Dutton, Governor, ap- 
proved Resolution appointing Ver- 
mont Commission, 181, 224; gave 
strong support, 182; death of, 182. 

Proctor, Redfield, Senator, favored 
Tercentenary, 181, 182; death of, 
181. 

Prouty, George Herbert, Governor, 
member of Vermont Commission, 5, 



226; M. Jusserand on, 38; invited 
to dedications, 117; at Champlain 
Tercentenary, 143, 158; obligations 
of the Commissions to, 191. 

Provincial regiments commanded by 
Gen. Amherst, List of, on Tablet. 
127. 

Pruyn, John I., Colonel, and staff Tenth 
Infantry N. G. N. Y., Obligations 
of Commission to, 191. 

Puga-Borne, Federico, spoke at dinner 
in Paris to French delegation, 93. 

Putnam, Israel, Major, Attempt of In- 
dians to bum, near Whitehall, 235. 

Pyrke, Berne Ashley, Judge, of Port 
Henry, pledged care of the Tablet, 
126. 

QUEBEC celebrated memory of 
Champlain, 1 4 ; site of, fixed 
by Champlain, 48, 89. 189; enter- 
tained French visitors, 89; M. Bazin 
on the journey to, 1 06 ; taken by 
English, 146; foundations of New 
France laid by Champlain at, 230. 

Quebec Library, 1 98. 

Quebec, Province of, French speaking 
people in, 89 ; still French, 1 46. 

Quebec-Miami International Highway, 
78. 



RAINES, John, Senator. Death of, 
182. 
Rastus, Uncle, not the respondent, 1 66- 

67. 
Ray, Ossian, from the Champlain val- 
ley, 204. 



Analytical Index 



313 



Raymond, Henry Jarvis, founder of the 
New York Times, graduated at the 
University of Vermont, 204. 

Read, Almon Heath, from the Cham- 
plain valley, 204. 

Receptions tendered to the French dele- 
gation, 16. 25. 26. 27. 28. 71. 77. 
89, 90. 

Reford, Robert Wilson, helped to enter- 
tain the French visitors in Canada, 
89. 

Regiments of France represented at the 
battle of Fort Carillon, Standards 
of the, displayed, I 03-4. 

Reid, William Max. Light thrown on 
early history of the region in papers 
of, 240. 

Renaissance of constitutional govern- 
ment in France, 1 8. 

Report of the Tablet Committee by 
Chairman Howland Pell, 125-27. 

Representative men of the Champlain 
Valley [by Henry W. Hill], 
203-14: Statesmen. 203; members 
of Congress, 203-6; early settlers, 
206; judges, 206-7; lawyers, 207; 
in army and navy, 207-8, 209; edu- 
cators, 208-9; authors, 209-14. 

Representatives, Official, of France, 
Great Britain, and Canada, at the 
Celebration, 187-89; added dignity 
and stateliness to the functions, I 88 ; 
obligations of Commission to, and 
their Governments acknowledged, 
189; U. S. Government should in- 
vite, 236. 

Republican movement in America, Ef- 
fects of, felt in Europe, 54. 



Republiques. Un parallele entre les 
deux, 62-63 ; les deux fiUes ainees 
de la liberte, 63. 

Rescue Hose Company in parade at 
Plattsburgh, 159. 

Revol, Auguste Francois. President of 
Montreal Chamber of Commerce, 
helped to entertain French visitors, 
89. 

Revolutionists, TThe buff and blue cov- 
ered, I 28. 

Revue des Deux Mondes, " Paysages 
d'Amerique " by Rene Bazin in. 
lOI. 

Reynolds, George Greenwood, at un- 
veiling of Tablet at English Fort. 
126. 

Rhode Island Historical Society. 1 98. 

Richards. Frederick Bates, Secretary of 
New York State Historical Associa- 
tion, 117; accepted charge of Tablet 
at Fort Amherst for the Association, 
126; address of, 129; papers by. 
213. 

Richelieu River, Champlain's expedi- 
tion into the, 230. 

Riley, John Benedict, Judge, member 
of New York Commission, iii, 4, 8. 
218, 226; supervised the Platts- 
burgh Memorial, 6, 119; escorted 
Commissioners and guests to Platts- 
burgh, 77; at dedication of Memo- 
rial Lighthouse, 133; trustee of Cliff 
Haven Summer School, 158; pre- 
sided at Chamber of Commerce 
luncheon, 159; native of the Cham- 
plain valley. 207; services rendered 
by. 218. 



314 



Analytical Index 



Roberts, Daniel, lawyer, from the 
Champlain valley, 207. 

Roberts, James Arthur, President of 
New York State Historical Associa- 
tion, 117; absent from unveiling of 
Tablet, 129. 

Roberts, Robert, Mayor of Burling- 
ton, invited to the dedications, 118; 
Address at dedication of the Me- 
morial Lighthouse. 142-47: History 
of the Lake unfolded at the Cham- 
plain Tercentenary, 143; apostrophe 
to La Belle France, embodied in 
image, 143; Champlain's account of 
his first battle with the Iroquois, 1 44 ; 
impression on the Iroquois of the 
white men, 1 44 ; stillness of the 
wilderness, 144; struggles between 
French and English, 1 45 ; capture of 
Ticonderoga by Ethan Allen, 1 45- 
46; a nation may be defeated but a 
race is not rubbed out, 146; forces 
at work for peace, 147; Digest of the 
Vermont Reports by, 213. 

Roberval, Jean Francois de la Roque, 
Sieur de, French Viceroy of Canada, 
102. 

Rochambeau, Jean Baptiste Donatien 
de Vimeur, Count de. General, Por- 
trait of, in Independence Hall, 28; 
brought aid to the Colonies, 54; en- 
shrined in American memory, 78. 

Rochambeau, Philippe Donatien Paul, 
Count de, member of the French 
delegation, 1 7, 62. 

Rochambeau, Suzanne (nee Rouxel), 
Countess de, member of the French 
delegation, I 7. 



Rock inscription. The, at Crown Point, 
240. 

Rodin, Auguste, Bust of " La France " 
by, 3, 6, 13, 60, 62, 74, 186; de- 
scription of bust by M. Hanotaux, 
15, 18; inscription on bust, 17; 
works of, 19; his theory of Art in- 
terpreted by H. W. Hill, 19-20; 
English version of "Art" by, 20n; 
Wickersham on, 35 ; bust presented to 
Commissions, 50, 53, 55; art work 
of, chosen as symbol of friendship, 65 ; 
guest at dinner to French delegation on 
its return to Paris, 9 1 ; M. Hanotaux 
on, 93; M. Bazin on, 105. 

Rogers, John, M. C, born in the Cham- 
plain valley, 206. 

Rogers, Robert, Major, the ranger, 
231 ; expedition of, against the St. 
Francis Indians, 234. 

" Roman Poet," Heber's statue of the, 
2. 

Roosevelt, Theodore, President, af>- 
proved Joint Resolution, 181. 

Root, Elihu, U. S. Senator, Address 
of, at Pittsburgh, 38, 143; early 
action of, favoring Tercentenary, 
181; obligations of Commissions to, 
191. 

Rosengarten, Mr. and Mrs. Frank, at 
luncheon to the French delegation, 

28. 
Ross, Henry Howard, General, M. C, 

at Battle of Plattsburgh, 205. 
Ross, James Blanchard, lawyer, native 

of the Champlain valley, 207. 
Rotch, William, met French delegates 

in Boston, 27. 



Analytical Index 



315 



Rouse's Point, Major Robert Rogers 
defeated the French near, 234; his- 
toric places near, 235. 

Roy, Ferdinand, President of Canadian 
Institute at Quebec, 89. 

Royal Artillery, under Gen. Amherst, 
127. 

Royal or 1st Regiment of Foot, under 
Gen. Amherst, 1 2 7. 

Royal Savage, the, Arnold's flagship. 
Permission to raise, 228; wreck of, 
at Valcour Island, 235. 

Royce, Homer Elihu, M. C. and Chief 
Justice of Supreme Court of Ver- 
mont, 205. 

Ruggle's, Col. Timothy, Massachusetts 
Regiment, under Gen. Amherst, 
127. 

Russell, Mrs. Major, entertained La- 
fayette, 80. 

SAIL down the Lake to Bluff Point, 
151-53: Port Henry, 151 ; Bur- 
lington and its bay like Naples, 151; 
The Four Brothers and Valcour, 
152; Champlain Hotel, Bluff Point, 
153. 

Sailly, Mrs. Frederick, as Mrs. Major 
Russell, entertained Lafayette, 80. 

Sailly, Peter, M. C, native of the 
Champlain valley, 205. 

Sailors, Detachment of, under Gen. 
Amherst, 127. 

St. Elmo. Castle of, and University of 
Vermont, 151. 

St. Francis Indians, Major Robert 
Rogers' expedition against the, 234. 



St. Gaudens, Augustus, Carl A. Heber 
in studio of, 2. 

Saint Jean, Welcome of French dele- 
gation at, 86. 

St. Jean Baptiste Society, welcomed 
visitors to Plattsburgh, 77; escorted 
guests to site of Champlain Statue, 
159. 

St. John's, Expedition against, 234; 
surrender of, 243. 

Saint Seine, Henri de. Count, at banquet, 
32. 

Ste. Anne, Shrine of, on Isle La Motte, 
234. 

Sanger, William Cary, Colonel, in- 
vited to dedications, 117; address at 
dedication of Tablet, 126; repre- 
sented the President of the United 
States at dedication of Memorial 
Lighthouse, 1 33 ; Lighthouse given to, 
138; Address receiving Memorial for 
United States, 1 40-4 1 : States care 
for local interests. National Govern- 
ment for people as a whole, 1 40 ; 
democracy and beauty, 1 40 ; symbol- 
ism in Lighthouse, 141. 

Sangha, Future city on the, 1 4. 

Saranac Chapter, D. A. R., at exer- 
cises at Plattsburgh Barracks, 79. 

Sawyer, John Gilbert, from the Cham- 
plain valley, 204. 

Savv'yer, Philetus, M. C, spent his youth 
in the Adirondacks, 204. 

Saxe, John Godfrey, poet and humorist, 
211. 

Schiller, Heber's statue of, 2. 



316 



Analytical Index 



Schofield, William Henry, Professor, 
gave breakfast to French delegation, 
27. 

School children of America gave statue 
of Lafayette to French nation, 1 63. 

Schools, Mandatory provision for, in 
Constitution of Vermont, 1 99. 

Schuyler, John, Captain, camped at 
Isle La Motte, 234. 

Schuyler, Philip, General, joined Mont- 
gomery at Isle La Motte, 234. 

Schuyler's, Col. Peter, New Jersey Regi- 
ment, under Gen. Amherst, 127. 

Scoliard, Clinton, on Champlain, 8K 

Scotland conquered long ago, but Scotch 
present to-day, 1 46. 

Scrapers and drills of chipped stone, 
251. 

Sculptors, Productions of modern 
French, 1 9. 

" Sea of the Iroquois," Lake Cham- 
plain, 81, 249. 

Second Infantry N. G. N. Y., Com- 
pany " I," at dedicatory exercises, 
at Crown Point Forts, 121, 125. 

Second Regiment N. G. N. Y., Col. 
J. W. Lester, Obligations of Com- 
mission to, 191. 

Senators of the United States favoring 
the Tercentenary, 1 79. 

Senecal, Andrew George, Mayor of 
Plattsburgh, welcomed Commissioners 
and guests, 77, 1 57. 

Settlements, Largest of the early, under 
protection of Fort Frederic, 145. 

Seven Years' French and Indian War, 
227-28. 



Severance, Frank Hayward, Secretary 
of Preliminary Commission, rendered 
important services to the Commission, 
193. 

Seymour, Julius Hubbell, lawyer, 207. 

Shaw, Charles E., lawyer, native of 
Champlain valley, 207. 

Shaw, Leslie Mortier, from the Cham- 
plain valley, 203. 

Shea, James, member of New York 
Commission, iii, 4, 8, 218, 226; 
supervised Memorial Lighthouse, 6, 
119; present at its dedication, 1 33 ; 
services rendered by, 2 1 8. 

Shedd, William Greenough Thayer, 
D.D.. Works of, 210. 

Shedden, Lucian Love, Regent of the 
University, 207. 

Sheldon, Eugene Edmund, Judge, from 
the Champlain valley, 207. 

Sheldon, Melville A., Judge, from the 
Champlain valley, 207. 

Sheldon, Samuel, expert in electric sci- 
ence, 208. 

Shell, Objects of, uncommon, 257. 

Sheridan, Philip Henry, General, 
Equestrian statue of, by Heber, 2. 

Sherman, James Schoolcraft, Grand- 
father of, a navigator of Lake Cham- 
plain, 179. 

Sherman Military Band, Music by, at 
Lighthouse dedication, 1 34. 

Sibley, Joseph Crocker, Tlianks of 
Commission to, for use of yacht 
Valcour. 192. 

Simmons, George Abel, M. C, a native 
of Champlain valley, 205. 



Analytical Index 



317 



Site al Crown Point, Opportunity of, 
2, 4 ; made American soil by valor 
of Green Mountain boys, I 36. 

Site for Memorial at Plattsburgh pur- 
chased by city, 6, 7, 9. 

Six Nations, The Confederacy of the, 
called the Iroquois, 247. 

Skinner, Mark, Judge, a native of the 
Champlain valley, 207. 

Skinner, St. John Bull Lawrence, Post- 
master-General under Andrew John- 
son, 206. 

Slade, William, M. C, born in the 
Champlain valley, 205. 

Slate, Knives of red or purple, found, 
252. 

Slavery, Charlevoix on, 39. 

Sloane, William Milligan, Professor, 
on " the vision of history," 2 1 7. 

Smith, H. Perry, " History of Essex 
County, N. Y.", 197. 

Smith, Kirby Flower, Ph.D., an au- 
thority on the Latin language and 
literature, 2 1 3. 

Smith, Loyal L., philanthropist, from 
the Cliamplain valley, 208. 

Smith, Melancton, Judge, member of 
first Provincial Congress, 206. 

Smith, William Farrar, General, born 
in the Champlain valley, 207. 

Smith, William L. G., lawyer, born in 
the Champlain valley, 207. 

Soapstone dishes found, 257. 

Social functions and hospitalities ex- 
tended to the French visitors [by 
Henry W. Hill], 23-28: Play at 
the Carnegie Lyceum, 25 ; reception 
at City Hall, 25; luncheon at Met- 



ropolitan Club, 25 ; Loan Exhibit of 
the French Institute, 25-26; recep- 
tion by Senator W. A. Clark, 26; 
visit Washington and Mount Vernon, 
26; reception al French Embassy, 
and National Press Club, 26-27; 
ball, 27; luncheon at White House, 
27; dinner on S.S. France, 27; re- 
ception by Society of the Cincinnati, 
27; visit to Boston and luncheon at 
Harvard University, 27; visit to 
Philadelphia and luncheon with the 
Hon. Charlemagne Tower, 27-28; 
taxed endurance, 1 1 0. 

Society of the Cincinnati, gave recep- 
tion to French delegation and the 
Commissions, 27. 

Society of Colonial Wars, presented 
Tablet at English Forts, 121, 125, 
128, 129. 

Sohmer, William, invited to dedications, 
117. 

Songs, Old French, preserved among 
French descendants, 82-83; at Saint 
Jean, 86. 

Southwick, George Newell, M. C, as- 
sisted the Commission, 1 79. 

Spalding, Rev. George Burley, from the 
Champlain valley, 208. 

Spalding, James Reed, from the Cham- 
plain valley, 204. 

Speakers, Representative, from official 
life, at the Tercentenary celebrations, 
143. 

Spear and arrow points. Chipped, 251 ; 
of copper, 258. 

Spears, John Randolph, on Arnold's 
naval battle, 232. 



318 



Analytical Index 



Spooner, Charles Horace, Ph.D., in- 
vited to dedications, 118; President 
of Norwich University, 209. 

Stage House, old, in Plattsburgh, 
Fouquet House on site of the, 1 59. 

Standish, Lt. Mathew M., a native of 
the Champlain valley, 207. 

Stannard, George Jerrison, General, 
from the Champlain valley, 207. 

Star-Spangled Banner, TTie, played, 77, 
86, 126, 134. 163. 

State, Each, cares for matters which 
concerns its citizens, 1 40. 

State Historical Societies, I 98. 

State Library at Albany, I 98. 

State Library at Montpelier, 1 98. 

Steamboat, The first, on Lake Cham- 
plain, 233. 

Steele, George Washington, Jr., Lt. 
U. S. N., commanding flotilla. Obli- 
gations of Commission to, 191. 

Stetson, Francis Lynde, at Waldorf- 
Astoria banquet, 32 ; invited to dedi- 
cations, 1 I 8. — Address at dedication, 
accepting Champlain Statue for the 
city of Plattsburgh, 168-69: Tribute 
to Champlain, the Christian explorer, 
1 68-69 ; virtues of Champlain and 
Macdonough should be emulated, 
169. A native of the Champlain 
valley, 206. 

Stewart, John Aikman, Address at dedi- 
cation of Champlain Statue, I 7 1 "72: 
Nation like individual should possess 
the homely virtues, 171; prophetic 
vision of Champlain realized, 171; 
Canada and Americans have a com- 
mon destiny, 1 71-72. 



Stetson, Lemuel, M. C, and County 

Judge, born in the Champlain valley, 

205. 
Stewart, John Wolcott, Governor of 

Vermont, M. C. and U. S. Senator, 

205. 
Stillness, The awful, of the wilderness, 

144-45. 
Stimson, Henry Lewis, Secretary of 

War, accompanied French delegates 

to Mount Vernon, 26. 
Stone, Arthur Fairbanks, member of 

Vermont Commission, 5, 226; at 

dedication of Memorial Lighthouse, 

133. 
Stone implements and weapons found, 

249-54. 
Stony Point Park, Flag used at dedica- 
tion of, 1 63. 
Story, Joseph, Judge, Works of, edited 

by Judge E. H. Bennett, 210. 
Street, Douglas Richmond, Lt.-Col., in 

command of the Governor-General's 

Foot-Guards, 1 87. 
Sullivan, John, General, fortified Point 

au Fer, 235. 
Sulzer, William, M. C, assisted the 

Commission, 1 79. 
Summer resorts on the Lake, 151. 
Summer School, see Catholic Summer 

School of America. 
Sunderland, Rev. Byron, from the 

Champlain valley, 208. 
Swanton, Vt., A considerable settlement 

at, 234; tubular stone pipes found 

near, 255. 
Sweetland, William, Judge, native of 

the Champlain valley, 207. 



Analytical Index 



319 



TABLET at English Fort, Un- 
veiling of [Henry W. Hill] , 
121-29: Report of exercises, 125- 
26; presented by W. C. Sanger, 
126; description of, with inscription, 
127; addresses of acceptance by 
James A. Holden, 128; and Fred- 
erick B. Richards. 129. 

Taft, William Howard, President, gave 
a luncheon to the French delegates, 
27, 45; from the banks of La Belie 
Riviere, 34; M. Jusserand on, 37, 
38; at the Champlain Tercentenary, 
52; M. Hanotaux on, 91; repre- 
sented at dedicatory exercises by W. 
C. Sanger, 1 40 ; reviewed troops at 
Pittsburgh Barracks in 1909, 158; 
administration of, endorsed, 167; 
commended the Canadian troops, 
187; obligations of Commissions to, 
191 ; on a " traveling show," 21 7. 

Tasso on the French, 38. 

TavkTiey, James Albertus, M. C, fa- 
vored Tercentenary, 181. 

Taylor, John Caldwell Rainey, member 
of New York Commission, 225. 

" Telemaque chez Calypso," Sevres 
bisque group presented by French 
Government to C. B. Alexander, 
111. 

Temps, Le, aided the Franco-American 
Committee, 16; represented by M. 
Gaston Deschamps, 17; M. Des- 
champs' report of exercises at Crown 
Point and Plattsburgh in, 80. 

Tenth Infantry N. G. N. Y.. Col. John 
I. Pruyn, Obligations of Commis- 
sion to, 191. 



Tercentenary exercises, see Champlain 
Tercentenary Celebration. 

Thomas, John Martin, member of Ver- 
mont Commission, 5, 226; invited to 
dedications, 118; helped to plan pro- 
gramme of dedicatory exercises, 119; 
at dedication of Memorial Light- 
house, 133; remarks of, transferring 
Lighthouse to the Governor of Ver- 
mont, 136; President of Middlebury 
College. 209. 

Thompson, Daniel Pierce, on the Iro- 
quois in Vermont, 248-49. 

Thompson, Robert Means, Colonel, 
provided entertainment for the Com- 
mission at Ticonderoga, 192. 

Thompson, Zadock, " Northern guide " 
and histories of the State of Ver- 
mont by, 197. 

Thompson's Point, summer resort on east 
shore. 151. 

TTiornton. Arthur Whetham. Captain, 
defeated British at Otter Creek, 234. 

Three Rivers. The Village of. burned, 
234. 

Thurston, John Mellen. from the Cham- 
plain valley, 203. 

Ticonderoga, M. Jusserand on visit to, 
38; early struggles at, 52, 55; Com- 
missions and French delegation en- 
tertained at. 71-72; strategic im- 
portance of. 72 ; history of, 72 ; M. 
Hanotaux on. 92-93; work of 
restoration at. 95. 103; M. Bazin's 
impressions of. 102-4; gallantry of 
Black Watch at. 129; historical in- 
cidents at, 143; captured by Ethan 
Allen. 145-46. 231-32; history of. 



320 



Analytical Index 



merits federal consideration, 228; in 
seven years' war, 231; military 
pageant at, planned, 233. 

Ticonderoga, Steamer, chartered to 
take guests through Lake Champlain, 
118. 119, 120. 121, 147; trip of, 
from Crown Point to Bluff Point, 
151-54. 

Ticonderoga Historical Society, Library 
of, 198. 

Tillotson, Lee Stephen, Brig.-Gen.. 
represented Governor of Vermont at 
dedicatory exercises. 120; at dedica- 
tion of Tablet, 1 25 ; at dedication of 
Memorial Lighthouse, 133; Address 
accepting Lighthouse, 1 38-40 : Joint 
work of New York and Vermont, 
138-39; dream of. 139; Vermont's 
appreciation of work of Commission- 
ers, 139; tribute to Champlain, 139; 
Memorial transferred to United 
States, I 39-40; Address at dedication 
of Champlain Statue at Plattsburgh, 
166-67: Cause of Gov. Mead's 
absence, 167; on the scenery, 167. 

Tonly, Henri de, with Sieur de La 
Salle, 33. 

Torrey, Augustus, engineer. 208. 

Torrey. Joseph, President of the Uni- 
versity of Vermont, 208; works of, 
210. 

Tower, Charlemagne, entertained French 
delegates, 28. 

Tracy, Alexandre de Prouville de. Ex- 
pedition of, to punish the Iroquois, 
234. 

Trade between France and United 
States, M. Hanotaux on, 90-91. 



Trade with distant tribes. Evidences of, 
found, 258. 

Traversy, Capt. de, killed by the Mo- 
hawks, 234. 

Treadwell. Thomas, Judge, member of 
first Provincial Congress, 206. 

Treaties of Alliance, and of Amity and 
Commerce, with France, Centennial 
of, celebrated, 36. 

Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, 230. 

Treaty of Cession of Louisiana, Centen- 
nial of, celebrated, 36. 

Treaty of Paris brought rest for a 
while, 231. 

Tri-color and Fleur-de-lis flags. The, 
71. 

Turrell, Joel, M. C, from the Champlain 
valley, 203. 

Tuttle, Mrs. George Fuller, Remarks 
of, at exercises at Plattsburgh Bar- 
racks, 79-80; author of " Three 
centuries in Champlain Valley," 
211. 

Twenty-fourth U. S. Infantry, Obliga- 
tions of Commission to, 191. 



u 



NITED STATES, Arms of, on 
base of Memorial Lighthouse, 
5 ; balance of the world's power will 
rest with the. 49; represented at the 
Champlain Tercentenary, 52; genius 
of institutions of, reflected in those of 
France, 55; obligations of, to France, 
41, 59-60; M. Hanotaux on "la 
puissance" of the, 60; un parallele 
entre les deux Republiques, 62-63 ; 
le commerce franco-americain, 63- 
64 ; Cardinal Gibbons on debt of, to 



Analytical Index 



321 



France for great men, 97; Memorial 
Lighthouse transferred to the, 1 39, 
1 40 ; found the Tercentenary an occa- 
sion to speak for international peace, 
147. 

United States, Government of. Active 
co-operation of, 179, 187; invitations 
extended by, through Dept. of State, 
1 79 ; entertained the foreign guests, 
218; should detail national troops 
for military pageants, 235; should 
officially participate, 236. 

United States Congress — House of 
Representatives — Committee on For- 
eign Affairs, see Committee on For- 
eign Affairs. 

United States Reservation at Platts- 
burgh, see Plattsburgh Barracks. 

University of Paris represented by M. 
Vidal de la Blache, 17. 

University of Pennsylvania, Members of 
French delegation visit, 27. 

University of Vermont, Site of the, 151- 
52; Library of the, 198; Ira Allen 
gave property to, 1 99 ; line pottery 
jars in Museum of, 255. 

Unveiling of the Champlain Memorial 
Lighthouse, 1 34. 

Unveiling of the Tablet at the English 
Fort [by Henry W. Hill] , 1 25- 
29. 

Uriu, Stakichi, Vice-Admiral, repre- 
sented Japan at the Champlain Ter- 
centenary, 52, 187; spoke at Ticon- 
deroga, 1 89. 



V 



AIL, Henry Hobart, publisher, 

from the Champlain valley, 208. 
22 



Valcour Island, First naval battle at. 
40. 52, 85. 152, 164, 232. 

Valcour, yacht. Thanks of Commission 
to Hon. Joseph C. Sibley for use of, 
192. 

Van Patten, William James, member of 
Vermont Commission, 5, 226; at 
dedication of Memorial Lighthouse, 
133. 

Vaudreuil, Philippe de Rigaud, Gen- 
eral, 103. 

Veazey, Wheelock Graves, Judge, born 
in the Champlain valley, 207. 

Verbeck, William, Brig.-Gen., Chief of 
staff of Gov. Dix, at banquet, 32 ; 
invited to dedications, 117; at dedica- 
tions. 120. 

Vermont, Arms of, on Memorial Light- 
house, 5 ; children of, contributed to 
monument, 5 ; origin of name of, 82 ; 
Senators and Representatives from, 
invited, 117; Governor and other 
ofRcials of, invited to dedications, 
117; and prominent citizens, 118; 
altercations with Nevf York, 1 35 ; a 
labor of love, 136; verses on, by 
Orville G. Wheeler, 152; Republi- 
cans in, 167; scenery of, 167; invi- 
tation to come to, 1 67 ; mandatory 
provision for schools and a university 
in first constitution of, 1 99 ; shared in 
general expenses and in cost of Crown 
Point Memorial, 218; controversies 
with New York, 232. 

Vermont Commission, see Lake Cham- 
plain Tercentenary Commission of 
Vermont. 



322 



Analytical Index 



Vermont Historical Society, Papers and 
proceedings of, 1 98. 

Vermont Legislature, Joint memorial of, 
appointing Lake Champlain Commis- 
sion, 223-24 ; appropriation for the 
Commission, 226; claims of the 
Caughnawagas presented to the, 248- 
49. 

Vermont State Geologist, Seventh report 
of, 258. 

Vermont, The, first steamboat on the 
Lake. 233. 

Vessel, The first sailing, on the Upper 
Lakes, 40. 

Vesuvius and Mt. Mansfield, 151. 

Vidal de la Blache, Paul, member of 
French delegation, 17, 44 ; Address 
at annual meeting of the Five Acad- 
emies, 94-97: Cherished memory of 
visit to regions discovered by Cham- 
plain, 94; history revived as scenes 
were visited, 94-95 ; Ticonderoga, 
95 ; exercises at Crovra Point re- 
viewed, 95 ; progress into Canada, 
96; adoption by America of French 
heroes, 96; emphasis of history on 
great Frenchmen, 97; our American 
work not a failure, 97; beauty of 
style of, I 1 0. 

Vignan, Nicholas de, Champlain's 
mercy to, I 64. 

Villages, No permanent Indian, because 
of hostilities, 250. 

" Vive la France," 86; the sentiment 
of the friends made in America by 
the French delegation, I 1 0. 

Volontaires, Les, de I'Amitie, 64. 



Volontaires, Les, de la foi et de I'espe- 

rance, 64. 
Volontaires, Les, de la Liberte et de 

I'lndependance, 64. 
Vosges, The, with Retoumemer and 

Longemer, suggested by view at 

Carillon. 104. 
Voyages across Atlantic, Nine, made by 

Champlain, I 38. 
" Voyages and Discoveries," by Samuel 

Champlain, 81. 
Vreeland, Edward Butterfield, M. C, 

assisted the Commission, I 79. 

WADE, Martin Joseph, from the 
Champlain valley, 204. 

Wadhams, Albion Varette, Commodore, 
a native of the Champlain valley, 
208. 

Wadhams, Rt. Rev. Bishop Edgar 
Prindle, born in the Champlain val- 
ley, 208. 

Wadsworth, James Wolcott, Jr., mem- 
ber of New York Commission, 225. 

Waldegrave, James, 2d earl, Po'mle de 
la Couronne in letter of, 240. 

Waldorf-Astoria Hotel, Banquet in 
Astor gallery of the, 31 ; John H. 
Finley toastmaster at, 31, 111. 

Walker, Aldace Freeman, Judge, born 
in the Champlain valley, 207. 

Walker, Jesse, Judge, a native of the 
Champlain valley, 207. 

Walker, Stephen Ambrose, from the 
Champlain valley. 208. 

Walworth, Reuben Hyde, M. C. and 
State Chancellor, 205, 207. 



Analytical Index 



323 



War of 1812, British and Canadian 
documents relating to the, 1 98. 

Warner, Seth, Colonel, captured Crown 
Point, 128, 146. 

Warrens, Independence and resolution 
of the, 199. 

Washington, George, French delegation 
place wreath of flowers on tomb of, 
26; on justice to the Indians, 38; 
M. Hanotaux on, 46; influence of, 
on Lafayette and other Frenchmen, 
54; portrait of, in American homes, 
65 ; statue of, offered Versailles by 
Virginia, 75. 

Washington, D. C, Hospitalities ex- 
tended to French delegation at, 1 6, 
26-27; M. Hanotaux on, 46; M. 
Bazin on, 101. 

Waterman, Charles Winfield, lawyer, 
born in the Champlain valley, 207. 

Watson, William, on Beauty, 153. 

Watson, Winslow Charles, Judge, born 
in the Champlain valley, 207. 

Watson, Winslow Cossoul, " Military 
and Political History of Essex 
County," " Men and times of the 
Revolution," and " Pioneer history of 
the Champlain Valley," by, 197. 

Weapons of stone, copper, and iron 
found in the valley, 249, 251, 257- 
58. 

Weaver, William Rice, member of New 
York Commission, iii, 4. 8, 218; su- 
pervised the Plattsburgh Memorial, 
6; on Committee to arrange for its 
dedication, 1 19; at dedication of Me- 
morial Lighthouse, 133; services 
rendered by, 2 1 8. 



Weed, Mr. and Mrs. George Standish, 
received distinguished guests, 1 59. 

Weed, Smith Mead, entertained Com- 
missioners and guests, 158-59; law- 
yer, 207. 

Welcome to French delegation on its 
arrival, 1 6. 

Wells, William, General, native of the 
Champlain valley, 207. 

Wentworth, Rev. John Brodhead, 
D. D., Works of, 211. 

Westport, summer resort, 151. 

Wever, John Madison, M. C, born in 
the Champlain valley, 205. 

Wheeler, James Rignall, Professor of 
Greek archaeology and art, from the 
Champlain valley, 2 1 4. 

Wheeler, Rev. Orville Gould, verses 
on Vermont, 152; Semi-Centennial 
Poem of University of Vermont, 
212. 

Wheeler, William Adolphus, from the 
Champlain valley, 203. 

White, Edward Douglass, Chief Jus- 
tice of the Supreme Court, from the 
banks of the Mississippi, 33. 

White House, Luncheon at the, to 
French delegation, 27. 

White man. The, and less advanced 
races, 39; Champlain the first, in the 
region, 137, 164, 224. 

Whiting's, Col. Nathan, Connecticut 
Regiment, under Gen. Amherst, 127. 

Wickersham, George Woodward, At- 
torney-General of U. S., guest at 
Waldorf-Astoria banquet, 31 ; Ad- 
dress of, at banquet, 34-37: Trib- 
ute to Champlain, 34-35 ; embassy 



324 



Analytical Index 



from French nation has worthy ob- 
ject, 35 ; illustrious French names in 
history of American continent, 35- 
36; French commemorations here, 
36; welcome and tribute to French 
delegation, 37; accepts the bust " La 
France," 37. 

Wilbur, Rev. Earl Morse, native of the 
Champlain valley, 2 I 4. 

Wilcox, Dr. Reynolds Webb, at unveil- 
ing of the Tablet at English Fort, 
126. 

Wilderness, Awful stillness of the, I 44. 

Wilds, Percival, looked after details of 
banquet, 31 ; Secretary of Lake 
Champlain Association, 117, 118. 

Willard, George, from the Champlain 
valley, 204. 

Willard's, Col., Massachusetts Regi- 
ment under Gen. Amherst, 127. 

Winooski River, The, 248. 

Witherbee, Sherman & Co., gave Eng- 
lish forts at Crovra Point to the State, 
151.239. 

Witherbee, Mrs. Annie E., Discoveries 
about the old French Fort made by, 
76-77. 

Witherbee, Miss Evelyn, unveiled tablet 
at English fort, 121, 126. 

Witherbee, Frank Spencer, looked after 
details of banquet, 31 ; met guests 
and Commissioners at Port Henry, 
72 ; made Knight of Legion of Honor, 
110; invited to dedications, 117; 
present at dedicatory exercises at 
Crown Point and Plattsburgh, 118; 
Port Henry home of, 151; Commis- 



sion grateful to, 1 92 ; member of 
New York Commission, I 10, 225. 

Witherbee, Miss Louise G., unveiled 
Memorial Lighthouse, I 34. 

Witherbee, Walter Crafts, member of 
New York Commission, iii, 4, 8, 
226; Treasurer of the Commission, 
iii, 80, 133, 261; Chairman of 
Committee on Building Memorial 
Lighthouse, 6, 119; met guests and 
Commissioners at Port Henry, 72 ; 
tribute of M. Deschamps to, 80; 
made Knight of Legion of Honor, 
110; Chairman of Committee of ar- 
rangements for dedication of the 
Crown Point Memorial, 119; at 
dedication of Memorial Lighthouse, 
133; Port Henry the home of, 1 5T ; 
entertained Commission, 1 92 ; services 
rendered by, 218; Financial State- 
ment, 263. 

Witherbee Band, The, played for 
French guests, 72, 82. 

Wood, Leonard, accompanied French 
delegates to Mount Vernon, 26. 

Wood. Thomas Waterman, from the 
Champlain valley, 208. 

Woodbridge, Frederick Enoch, M. C, 
born in the Champlain valley, 205. 

Woodford, Stewart Lyndon, General, 
at banquet to French delegation, 32. 

Woodruff, Frank Edward, Professor, 
from the Champlain valley, 208. 

Worcester's, Col. David, Connecticut 
Regiment, under Gen. Amherst, 127. 

Wright, George Frederick, D.D., 
Works of. 212. 



Analytical Index 



325 



Wright, George Murray, lawyer, a na- 
tive of the Champlain valley, 207. 

Wright, Silas, educated at Middlebury 
College in the Champlain valley, 203. 

Wurth, Herman, Sculptor of Tablet at 
Fort Amherst, !25. 



XAINTONGEOIS. Long live the, 
81. 



YEAR Books, record of antiquarian 
jurisprudence, 41-42. 
Year 1914, The, centenary of peace, 

78. 
York and Lancaster factions acted under 

legal claims to crown, 40. 
Yorktown, Battle of, French aid at, 59. 
Young America seems Old France to 
M. Deschamps, 8 1 . 



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